Oxathiazole thiazolium hsp 70 inhibitors

ABSTRACT

Provided herein are compounds of formula (I) which are, inter alia, useful allosteric inhibitors of Hsp70. The compounds and methods provided are useful for the treatment of cancer, infectious and neurodegenerative diseases.

CROSS-REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims benefit of U.S. Patent Application No. 62/101,749, filed on Jan. 9, 2015, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

STATEMENT AS TO RIGHTS TO INVENTIONS MADE UNDER FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

This invention was made with government support under R⁰¹NS059690 awarded by the National Institutes of Health. The Government has certain rights in the invention.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) is a molecular chaperone that regulates protein homeostasis (proteostasis). It controls the balance of protein synthesis and folding degradation. Aberrant levels of Hsp70 activity are observed in diseases states, including cancer, bacterial and viral infection, neurodegeneration, and other diseases and disorders that involve cellular stress and protein misfolding. Therefore there is a need in the art for Hsp70 inhibitor compounds and their use to treat, inter alia, cancer, neurodegenerative and infectious diseases. The present invention addresses these and other problems in the art.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In a first aspect, there is provided a compound with structure of formula (I):

Regarding compound of formula (I), substituents R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R^(6A), R⁷, R⁸ and L¹ are as disclosed herein. In embodiments, if R¹, R², and R³ are independently hydrogen, —Cl, —F, —OCH₃, or —CF₃, then R⁶ is not —CH₂pyridyl, -benzyl, —CH₂-difluorophenyl, —CH₂-cyclopropyl, —CH₂-4-(CH₂NHC(O)-tbutyl)phenyl, —CH₂-5-nitrofuranyl, —CH₂CH₂-5-nitrofuranyl, —CH₂-2-(5-CF₃)furanyl, —CH₂-fluorophenyl, —CH₂-chlorophenyl, —CH₂-nitrophenyl, —CH₂-cyanophenyl, —CH(CH₃)C(O)Ph, —CH₂-(methyl)phenyl, —CH₂-trifluoromethylphenyl, —CH₂-trifluoromethoxyphenyl, —CH₂-difluoromethoxyphenyl, —CH₂-3-(2-CO₂CH₃)thienyl, —CH₂-3-(2-bromo)thienyl, —CH₂-3-isoxazolyl, —CH₂-5-isoxazolyl, —CH₂-5-(3-phenyl)isoxazolyl, —CH₂-3-(2-bromo)pyridyl, —CH₂-3-thienyl, —CH₂-2-(5-CO₂CH₂CH₃)furanyl, —CH₂-4-(2-methyl)thiazolyl, —CH₂-2-(5-CO₂CH₃)furanyl, —CH₂-5-(3-methyl)isoxazolyl, or —CH₂—CH(CH₃)phenyl.

In another aspect, there is provided a compound with structure of formula (I):

Regarding compound of formula (I), substituents R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R^(6A), R⁷, R⁸ and L¹ are as disclosed herein. In embodiments, if R¹, R², and R³ are independently hydrogen, —Cl, —F, —OCH₃, or —CF₃, then -L¹-R⁶ is not —CH₂pyridyl, -benzyl, —CH₂-difluorophenyl, —CH₂-cyclopropyl, —CH₂-4-(CH₂NHC(O)-tbutyl)phenyl, —CH₂-5-nitrofuranyl, —CH₂CH₂-5-nitrofuranyl, —CH₂-2-(5-CF₃)furanyl, —CH₂-fluorophenyl, —CH₂-chlorophenyl, —CH₂-nitrophenyl, —CH₂-cyanophenyl, —CH(CH₃)C(O)Ph, —CH₂-(methyl)phenyl, —CH₂-trifluoromethylphenyl, —CH₂-trifluoromethoxyphenyl, —CH₂-difluoromethoxyphenyl, —CH₂-3-(2-CO₂CH₃)thienyl, —CH₂-3-(2-bromo)thienyl, —CH₂-3-isoxazolyl, —CH₂-5-isoxazolyl, —CH₂-5-(3-phenyl)isoxazolyl, —CH₂-3-(2-bromo)pyridyl, —CH₂-3-thienyl, —CH₂-2-(5-CO₂CH₂CH₃)furanyl, —CH₂-4-(2-methyl)thiazolyl, —CH₂-2-(5-CO₂CH₃)furanyl, —CH₂-5-(3-methyl)isoxazolyl, or —CH₂—CH(CH₃)phenyl.

In another aspect, there is provided a pharmaceutical composition including a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient and a compound of formula (I) as disclosed herein, and embodiments thereof.

In another aspect, there is provided a method of treating a Hsp70-mediated disease in a patient in need of such treatment. The method includes administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula (I) as disclosed herein, and embodiments thereof.

In another aspect, there is provided a method for inhibiting the activity of Hsp70 in a cell. The method includes contacting the cell with a compound of of formula (I) as disclosed herein.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1: JG-345 active against multiple myeloma cell lines. JG-345 has anti-proliferative activity against a multiple myeloma cell lines. Cell lines were treated with JG-345 and cell viability measured after 48 hrs by MTT assays. Results are shown as a percentage of a solvent control (1% DMSO). Results are the average of experiments performed in triplicate. Error bars represent SEM.

FIG. 2: All analogs retain activity against the Hsp70-Bag3 complex in vitro. Analogs retain the ability to inhibit the physical interaction between purified human Hsp70 and Bag3, as measured by flow cytometry protein interaction assays (FCPIAs). Hsp70 was immobilized on beads and binding to fluorescently labeled Bag3 was measured, using a method reported in Rauch and Gestwicki 2014 J. Biol. Chem. 289:1402. Results are the average of independent triplicates. Error bars represent SEM.

FIG. 3: Compounds JG231, 294 and 345 are tolerated in mice, based on weight. Compounds JG-294 and JG-345 are tolerated in mice. Analogs were delivered daily to male CD1 mice by i.p. at 5 mg/kg/day. Five mice per group. Error bars represent SEM.

FIG. 4A-4B: Pharmacokinetics of JG-294 (FIG. 4A) having the structure

and JG-345 (FIG. 4B) having the structure

A single injection of compound was delivered to CD1 mice by i.p. and the plasma collected at the indicated times. Compound levels were calculated by HPLC, using a standard curve. See also results depicted in Table 3A and 3B.

FIG. 5A-5C: JG-345 retains the ability to destabilize Hsp70 clients in MCF7 cells. Cells were treated for 24 hrs with compound, lysed and Western blots performed. Like earlier analogs, such as JG-194 (FIG. 5A) and JG-231 (FIG. 5B), JG-345 (FIG. 5C) could destabilize c-Raf and other clients.

FIG. 6: JG-345 (right panel) destabilized Hsp70 clients in vivo. Xenografts of MCF7 cells were treated by delivery of compound in saline 5 mg/kg/day dosed for three days, after which tumors were harvested for western blot. Results from three separate animals are shown.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Definitions

The abbreviations used herein have their conventional meaning within the chemical and biological arts. The chemical structures and formulae set forth herein are constructed according to the standard rules of chemical valency known in the chemical arts.

Where substituent groups are specified by their conventional chemical formulae, written from left to right, they equally encompass the chemically identical substituents that would result from writing the structure from right to left, e.g., —CH₂O— is equivalent to —OCH₂—.

The term “alkyl,” by itself or as part of another substituent, means, unless otherwise stated, a straight (i.e., unbranched) or branched non-cyclic carbon chain (or carbon), or combination thereof, which may be fully saturated, mono- or polyunsaturated and can include di- and multivalent radicals, having the number of carbon atoms designated (i.e., C₁-C₁₀ means one to ten carbons). Examples of saturated hydrocarbon radicals include, but are not limited to, groups such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, t-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, (cyclohexyl)methyl, homologs and isomers of, for example, n-pentyl, n-hexyl, n-heptyl, n-octyl, and the like. An unsaturated alkyl group is one having one or more double bonds or triple bonds. Examples of unsaturated alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, vinyl, 2-propenyl, crotyl, 2-isopentenyl, 2-(butadienyl), 2,4-pentadienyl, 3-(1,4-pentadienyl), ethynyl, 1- and 3-propynyl, 3-butynyl, and the higher homologs and isomers. An alkoxy is an alkyl attached to the remainder of the molecule via an oxygen linker (—O—). An alkyl moiety may be an alkenyl moiety. An alkyl moiety may be an alkynyl moiety. An alkyl moiety may be fully saturated.

The term “alkylene,” by itself or as part of another substituent, means, unless otherwise stated, a divalent radical derived from an alkyl, as exemplified, but not limited by, —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂—. Typically, an alkyl (or alkylene) group will have from 1 to 24 carbon atoms, with those groups having 10 or fewer carbon atoms being preferred in the present invention. A “lower alkyl” or “lower alkylene” is a shorter chain alkyl or alkylene group, generally having eight or fewer carbon atoms. The term “alkenylene,” by itself or as part of another substituent, means, unless otherwise stated, a divalent radical derived from an alkene.

The term “heteroalkyl,” by itself or in combination with another term, means, unless otherwise stated, a stable non-cyclic straight or branched chain, or combinations thereof, including at least one carbon atom and at least one heteroatom (e.g. selected from the group consisting of O, N, P, Si, and S, and wherein the nitrogen and sulfur atoms may optionally be oxidized, and the nitrogen heteroatom may optionally be quaternized). The heteroatom(s) O, N, P, S, and Si may be placed at any interior position o-NHC(O)R⁹, f the heteroalkyl group or at the position at which the alkyl group is attached to the remainder of the molecule. Examples include, but are not limited to: —CH₂—CH₂—O—CH₃, —CH₂—CH₂—NH—CH₃, —CH₂—CH₂—N(CH₃)—CH₃, —CH₂—S—CH₂—CH₃, —CH₂—CH₂, —S(O)—CH₃, —CH₂—CH₂—S(O)₂—CH₃, —CH═CH—O—CH₃, —Si(CH₃)₃, —CH₂—CH═N—OCH₃, —CH═CH—N(CH₃)—CH₃, —O—CH₃, —O—CH₂—CH₃, and —CN. Up to two or three heteroatoms may be consecutive, such as, for example, —CH₂—NH—OCH₃ and CH₂—O—Si(CH₃)₃. A heteroalkyl moiety may include one heteroatom (e.g., O, N, S, Si, or P). A heteroalkyl moiety may include two optionally different heteroatoms (e.g., O, N, S, Si, or P). A heteroalkyl moiety may include three optionally different heteroatoms (e.g., O, N, S, Si, or P). A heteroalkyl moiety may include four optionally different heteroatoms (e.g., O, N, S, Si, or P). A heteroalkyl moiety may include five optionally different heteroatoms (e.g., O, N, S, Si, or P). A heteroalkyl moiety may include up to 8 optionally different heteroatoms (e.g., O, N, S, Si, or P).

Similarly, the term “heteroalkylene,” by itself or as part of another substituent, means, unless otherwise stated, a divalent radical derived from heteroalkyl, as exemplified, but not limited by, —CH₂—CH₂—S—CH₂—CH₂— and —CH₂—S—CH₂—CH₂—NH—CH₂—. For heteroalkylene groups, heteroatoms can also occupy either or both of the chain termini (e.g., alkyleneoxy, alkylenedioxy, alkyleneamino, alkylenediamino, and the like). Still further, for alkylene and heteroalkylene linking groups, no orientation of the linking group is implied by the direction in which the formula of the linking group is written. For example, the formula —C(O)₂R′-represents both —C(O)₂R′— and —WC(O)₂—. As described above, heteroalkyl groups, as used herein, include those groups that are attached to the remainder of the molecule through a heteroatom, such as —C(O)R′, —C(O)NR′, —NR′R″, —OR′, —SR′, and/or —SO₂R′. Where “heteroalkyl” is recited, followed by recitations of specific heteroalkyl groups, such as —NR′R″ or the like, it will be understood that the terms heteroalkyl and —NR′R″ are not redundant or mutually exclusive. Rather, the specific heteroalkyl groups are recited to add clarity. Thus, the term “heteroalkyl” should not be interpreted herein as excluding specific heteroalkyl groups, such as —NR′R″ or the like.

The terms “cycloalkyl” and “heterocycloalkyl,” by themselves or in combination with other terms, mean, unless otherwise stated, non-aromatic cyclic versions of “alkyl” and “heteroalkyl,” respectively, wherein the carbons making up the ring or rings do not necessarily need to be bonded to a hydrogen due to all carbon valencies participating in bonds with non-hydrogen atoms. Additionally, for heterocycloalkyl, a heteroatom can occupy the position at which the heterocycle is attached to the remainder of the molecule. Examples of cycloalkyl include, but are not limited to, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, 1-cyclohexenyl, 3-cyclohexenyl, cycloheptyl, 3-hydroxy-cyclobut-3-enyl-1,2, dione, 1H-1,2,4-triazolyl-5(4H)-one, 4H-1,2,4-triazolyl, and the like. Examples of heterocycloalkyl include, but are not limited to, 1-(1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridyl), 1-piperidinyl, 2-piperidinyl, 3-piperidinyl, 4-morpholinyl, 3-morpholinyl, tetrahydrofuran-2-yl, tetrahydrofuran-3-yl, tetrahydrothien-2-yl, tetrahydrothien-3-yl, 1-piperazinyl, 2-piperazinyl, and the like. A “cycloalkylene” and a “heterocycloalkylene,” alone or as part of another substituent, means a divalent radical derived from a cycloalkyl and heterocycloalkyl, respectively. A heterocycloalkyl moiety may include one ring heteroatom (e.g., O, N, S, Si, or P). A heterocycloalkyl moiety may include two optionally different ring heteroatoms (e.g., O, N, S, Si, or P). A heterocycloalkyl moiety may include three optionally different ring heteroatoms (e.g., O, N, S, Si, or P). A heterocycloalkyl moiety may include four optionally different ring heteroatoms (e.g., O, N, S, Si, or P). A heterocycloalkyl moiety may include five optionally different ring heteroatoms (e.g., O, N, S, Si, or P). A heterocycloalkyl moiety may include up to 8 optionally different ring heteroatoms (e.g., O, N, S, Si, or P).

The terms “halo” or “halogen,” by themselves or as part of another substituent, mean, unless otherwise stated, a fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine atom. Additionally, terms such as “haloalkyl” are meant to include monohaloalkyl and polyhaloalkyl. For example, the term “halo(C₁-C₄)alkyl” includes, but is not limited to, fluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl, 4-chlorobutyl, 3-bromopropyl, and the like.

The term “acyl” means, unless otherwise stated, —C(O)R where R is a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl.

The term “aryl” means, unless otherwise stated, a polyunsaturated, aromatic, hydrocarbon substituent, which can be a single ring or multiple rings (preferably from 1 to 3 rings) that are fused together (i.e., a fused ring aryl) or linked covalently. A fused ring aryl refers to multiple rings fused together wherein at least one of the fused rings is an aryl ring. The term “heteroaryl” refers to aryl groups (or rings) that contain at least one heteroatom such as N, O, or S, wherein the nitrogen and sulfur atoms are optionally oxidized, and the nitrogen atom(s) are optionally quaternized. Thus, the term “heteroaryl” includes fused ring heteroaryl groups (i.e., multiple rings fused together wherein at least one of the fused rings is a heteroaromatic ring). A 5,6-fused ring heteroarylene refers to two rings fused together, wherein one ring has 5 members and the other ring has 6 members, and wherein at least one ring is a heteroaryl ring. Likewise, a 6,6-fused ring heteroarylene refers to two rings fused together, wherein one ring has 6 members and the other ring has 6 members, and wherein at least one ring is a heteroaryl ring. And a 6,5-fused ring heteroarylene refers to two rings fused together, wherein one ring has 6 members and the other ring has 5 members, and wherein at least one ring is a heteroaryl ring. A heteroaryl group can be attached to the remainder of the molecule through a carbon or heteroatom. Non-limiting examples of aryl and heteroaryl groups include phenyl, 1-naphthyl, 2-naphthyl, 4-biphenyl, 1-pyrrolyl, 2-pyrrolyl, 3-pyrrolyl, 3-pyrazolyl, 2-imidazolyl, 4-imidazolyl, pyrazinyl, 2-oxazolyl, 4-oxazolyl, 2-phenyl-4-oxazolyl, 5-oxazolyl, 3-isoxazolyl, 4-isoxazolyl, 5-isoxazolyl, 2-thiazolyl, 4-thiazolyl, 5-thiazolyl, 2-furyl, 3-furyl, 2-thienyl, 3-thienyl, 2-pyridyl, 3-pyridyl, 4-pyridyl, 2-pyrimidyl, 4-pyrimidyl, 5-benzothiazolyl, purinyl, 2-benzimidazolyl, 5-indolyl, 1-isoquinolyl, 5-isoquinolyl, 2-quinoxalinyl, 5-quinoxalinyl, 3-quinolyl, and 6-quinolyl. Substituents for each of the above noted aryl and heteroaryl ring systems are selected from the group of acceptable substituents described below. An “arylene” and a “heteroarylene,” alone or as part of another substituent, mean a divalent radical derived from an aryl and heteroaryl, respectively. Non-limiting examples of aryl and heteroaryl groups include pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, thiophenyl, thienyl, furanyl, indolyl, benzoxadiazolyl, benzodioxolyl, benzodioxanyl, thianaphthanyl, pyrrolopyridinyl, indazolyl, quinolinyl, quinoxalinyl, pyridopyrazinyl, quinazolinonyl, benzoisoxazolyl, imidazopyridinyl, benzofuranyl, benzothienyl, benzothiophenyl, phenyl, naphthyl, biphenyl, pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazinyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, furylthienyl, pyridyl, pyrimidyl, benzothiazolyl, purinyl, benzimidazolyl, isoquinolyl, thiadiazolyl, oxadiazolyl, pyrrolyl, diazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, benzothiadiazolyl, isothiazolyl, pyrazolopyrimidinyl, pyrrolopyrimidinyl, benzotriazolyl, benzoxazolyl, or quinolyl. The examples above may be substituted or unsubstituted and divalent radicals of each heteroaryl example above are non-limiting examples of heteroarylene. A heteroaryl moiety may include one ring heteroatom (e.g., O, N, or S). A heteroaryl moiety may include two optionally different ring heteroatoms (e.g., O, N, or S). A heteroaryl moiety may include three optionally different ring heteroatoms (e.g., O, N, or S). A heteroaryl moiety may include four optionally different ring heteroatoms (e.g., O, N, or S). A heteroaryl moiety may include five optionally different ring heteroatoms (e.g., O, N, or S). An aryl moiety may have a single ring. An aryl moiety may have two optionally different rings. An aryl moiety may have three optionally different rings. An aryl moiety may have four optionally different rings. A heteroaryl moiety may have one ring. A heteroaryl moiety may have two optionally different rings. A heteroaryl moiety may have three optionally different rings. A heteroaryl moiety may have four optionally different rings. A heteroaryl moiety may have five optionally different rings.

A fused ring heterocyloalkyl-aryl is an aryl fused to a heterocycloalkyl. A fused ring heterocycloalkyl-heteroaryl is a heteroaryl fused to a heterocycloalkyl. A fused ring heterocycloalkyl-cycloalkyl is a heterocycloalkyl fused to a cycloalkyl. A fused ring heterocycloalkyl-heterocycloalkyl is a heterocycloalkyl fused to another heterocycloalkyl. Fused ring heterocycloalkyl-aryl, fused ring heterocycloalkyl-heteroaryl, fused ring heterocycloalkyl-cycloalkyl, or fused ring heterocycloalkyl-heterocycloalkyl may each independently be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more of the substitutents described herein.

The term “oxo,” as used herein, means an oxygen that is double bonded to a carbon atom.

The term “alkylsulfonyl,” as used herein, means a moiety having the formula —S(O₂)—R′, where R′ is a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group as defined above. R′ may have a specified number of carbons (e.g., “C₁-C₄ alkylsulfonyl”).

Each of the above terms (e.g., “alkyl,” “heteroalkyl,”, “cycloalkyl”, “heterocycloalkyl”, “aryl,” and “heteroaryl”) includes both substituted and unsubstituted forms of the indicated radical. Preferred substituents for each type of radical are provided below.

Substituents for the alkyl and heteroalkyl radicals (including those groups often referred to as alkylene, alkenyl, heteroalkylene, heteroalkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, and heterocycloalkenyl) can be one or more of a variety of groups selected from, but not limited to, —OR′, ═O, ═NR′, ═N—OR′, —NR′R″, —SR′, -halogen, —SiR′R″R′″, —OC(O)W, —C(O)R′, —CO₂W, —CONR′R″, —OC(O)NR′R″, —NR″C(O)R′, —NR′—C(O)NR″R′″, —NR″C(O)₂R′, —NR—C(NR′R′)═NR′″, —S(O)R′, —S(O)₂R′, —S(O)₂N(R)(′R″—NRSO₂R′), —CN, and —NO₂ in a number ranging from zero to (2m′+1), where m′ is the total number of carbon atoms in such radical. R′, R″, R′″, and R″″ each preferably independently refer to hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl (e.g., aryl substituted with 1-3 halogens), substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, alkoxy, or thioalkoxy groups, or arylalkyl groups. When a compound of the invention includes more than one R group, for example, each of the R groups is independently selected as are each R′, R″, R′″, and R″″ group when more than one of these groups is present. When R′ and R″ are attached to the same nitrogen atom, they can be combined with the nitrogen atom to form a 4-, 5-, 6-, or 7-membered ring. For example, —NR′R″ includes, but is not limited to, 1-pyrrolidinyl and 4-morpholinyl. From the above discussion of substituents, one of skill in the art will understand that the term “alkyl” is meant to include groups including carbon atoms bound to groups other than hydrogen groups, such as haloalkyl (e.g., —CF₃ and —CH₂CF₃) and acyl (e.g., —C(O)CH₃, —C(O)CF₃, —C(O)CH₂OCH₃, and the like).

Similar to the substituents described for the alkyl radical, substituents for the aryl and heteroaryl groups are varied and are selected from, for example: —OR′, —NR′R″, —SR′, -halogen, —SiR′R″R′″, —OC(O)W, —C(O)R′, —CO₂W, —CONR′R″, —OC(O)NR′R″, —NR″C(O)R′, —NR′—C(O)NR″R′″, NR″C(O)₂R′, NRC(NR′R′)═NR′″, S(O)R′, —S(O)₂R′, —S(O)₂N(R′)(R″, —NRSO₂R′), —CN, —NO₂, —R′, —N₃, —CH(Ph)₂, fluoro(C₁-C₄)alkoxy, and fluoro(C₁-C₄)alkyl, in a number ranging from zero to the total number of open valences on the aromatic ring system; and where R′, R″, R′″, and R″″ are preferably independently selected from hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, and substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. When a compound of the invention includes more than one R group, for example, each of the R groups is independently selected as are each R′, R″, R′″, and R″″ groups when more than one of these groups is present.

Two or more substituents may optionally be joined to form aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, or heterocycloalkyl groups. Such so-called ring-forming substituents are typically, though not necessarily, found attached to a cyclic base structure. In one embodiment, the ring-forming substituents are attached to adjacent members of the base structure. For example, two ring-forming substituents attached to adjacent members of a cyclic base structure create a fused ring structure. In another embodiment, the ring-forming substituents are attached to a single member of the base structure. For example, two ring-forming substituents attached to a single member of a cyclic base structure create a spirocyclic structure. In yet another embodiment, the ring-forming substituents are attached to non-adjacent members of the base structure.

Two of the substituents on adjacent atoms of the aryl or heteroaryl ring may optionally form a ring of the formula -T-C(O)—(CRR′)_(q)—U—, wherein T and U are independently —NR—, —O—, —CRR′—, or a single bond, and q is an integer of from 0 to 3. Alternatively, two of the substituents on adjacent atoms of the aryl or heteroaryl ring may optionally be replaced with a substituent of the formula -A-(CH₂)_(r)—B—, wherein A and B are independently —CRR′—, —O—, —NR—, —S—, —S(O)—, —S(O)₂—, —S(O)₂NR′—, or a single bond, and r is an integer of from 1 to 4. One of the single bonds of the new ring so formed may optionally be replaced with a double bond. Alternatively, two of the substituents on adjacent atoms of the aryl or heteroaryl ring may optionally be replaced with a substituent of the formula —(CRR′), —X′—(C″R″R′″)_(d)—, where variables s and d are independently integers of from 0 to 3, and X is —O—, —NR′—, —S—, —S(O)—, —S(O)₂—, or —S(O)₂NR′—. The substituents R, R′, R″, and R′ are preferably independently selected from hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, and substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl.

As used herein, the terms “heteroatom” or “ring heteroatom” are meant to include, oxygen (O), nitrogen (N), sulfur (S), phosphorus (P), and silicon (Si).

A “substituent group,” as used herein, means a group selected from the following moieties:

-   -   (A) oxo, halogen, —CF₃, —CN, —OH, —NH₂, —COOH, —CONH₂, —NO₂,         —SH, —SO₂Cl, —SO₃H, —SO₄H, —SO₂NH₂, —NHNH₂, —ONH₂,         —NHC═(O)NHNH₂, —NHC═(O) NH₂, —NHSO₂H, —NHC═(O)H, —NHC(O)—OH,         —NHOH, —OCF₃, —OCHF₂, unsubstituted alkyl, unsubstituted         heteroalkyl, unsubstituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted         heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted aryl, unsubstituted heteroaryl,         and     -   (B) alkyl, heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl,         heteroaryl, substituted with at least one substituent selected         from:         -   (i) oxo, halogen, —CF₃, —CN, —OH, —NH₂, —COOH, —CONH₂, —NO₂,             —SH, —SO₂Cl, —SO₃H, —SO₄H, —SO₂NH₂, —NHNH₂, —ONH₂,             —NHC═(O)NHNH₂, —NHC═(O) NH₂, —NHSO₂H, —NHC═(O)H, —NHC(O)—OH,             —NHOH, —OCF₃, —OCHF₂, unsubstituted alkyl, unsubstituted             heteroalkyl, unsubstituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted             heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted aryl, unsubstituted             heteroaryl, and         -   (ii) alkyl, heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl,             heteroaryl, substituted with at least one substituent             selected from:             -   (a) oxo, halogen, —CF₃, —CN, —OH, —NH₂, —COOH, —CONH₂,                 —NO₂, —SH, —SO₂Cl, —SO₃H, —SO₄H, —SO₂NH₂, NHNH₂, ONH₂,                 NHC(O)NHNH₂, NHC═(O)NH₂, —NHSO₂H, —NHC═(O)H, —NHC(O)—OH,                 —NHOH, —OCF₃, —OCHF₂, unsubstituted alkyl, unsubstituted                 heteroalkyl, unsubstituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted                 heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted aryl, unsubstituted                 heteroaryl, and             -   (b) alkyl, heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl,                 aryl, heteroaryl, substituted with at least one                 substituent selected from: oxo,             -   halogen, —CF₃, —CN, —OH, —NH₂, —COOH, —CONH₂, —NO₂, —SH,                 —SO₂Cl, —SO₃H, —SO₄H, —SO₂NH₂, NHNH₂, ONH₂,                 NHC═(O)NHNH₂, NHC═(O) NH₂, —NHSO₂H, —NHC═(O)H,                 —NHC(O)—OH, —NHOH, —OCF₃, —OCHF₂, unsubstituted alkyl,                 unsubstituted heteroalkyl, unsubstituted cycloalkyl,                 unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted aryl,                 unsubstituted heteroaryl.

A “size-limited substituent” or “size-limited substituent group,” as used herein, means a group selected from all of the substituents described above for a “substituent group,” wherein each substituted or unsubstituted alkyl is a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₂₀ alkyl, each substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl is a substituted or unsubstituted 2 to 20 membered heteroalkyl, each substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl is a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, each substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl is a substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 8 membered heterocycloalkyl, each substituted or unsubstituted aryl is a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ aryl, and each substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl is a substituted or unsubstituted 5 to 10 membered heteroaryl.

A “lower substituent” or “lower substituent group,” as used herein, means a group selected from all of the substituents described above for a “substituent group,” wherein each substituted or unsubstituted alkyl is a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₈ alkyl, each substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl is a substituted or unsubstituted 2 to 8 membered heteroalkyl, each substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl is a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₇ cycloalkyl, each substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl is a substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 7 membered heterocycloalkyl, each substituted or unsubstituted aryl is a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ aryl, and each substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl is a substituted or unsubstituted 5 to 9 membered heteroaryl.

In some embodiments, each substituted group described in the compounds herein is substituted with at least one substituent group. More specifically, in some embodiments, each substituted alkyl, substituted heteroalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, substituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted aryl, substituted heteroaryl, substituted alkylene, substituted heteroalkylene, substituted cycloalkylene, substituted heterocycloalkylene, substituted arylene, and/or substituted heteroarylene described in the compounds herein are substituted with at least one substituent group. In other embodiments, at least one or all of these groups are substituted with at least one size-limited substituent group. In other embodiments, at least one or all of these groups are substituted with at least one lower substituent group.

In other embodiments of the compounds herein, each substituted or unsubstituted alkyl may be a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₂₀ alkyl, each substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl is a substituted or unsubstituted 2 to 20 membered heteroalkyl, each substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl is a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, each substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl is a substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 8 membered heterocycloalkyl, each substituted or unsubstituted aryl is a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ aryl, and/or each substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl is a substituted or unsubstituted 5 to 10 membered heteroaryl. In some embodiments of the compounds herein, each substituted or unsubstituted alkylene is a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₂₀ alkylene, each substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkylene is a substituted or unsubstituted 2 to 20 membered heteroalkylene, each substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkylene is a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkylene, each substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkylene is a substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 8 membered heterocycloalkylene, each substituted or unsubstituted arylene is a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ arylene, and/or each substituted or unsubstituted heteroarylene is a substituted or unsubstituted 5 to 10 membered heteroarylene.

In some embodiments, each substituted or unsubstituted alkyl is a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₈ alkyl, each substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl is a substituted or unsubstituted 2 to 8 membered heteroalkyl, each substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl is a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₇ cycloalkyl, each substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl is a substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 7 membered heterocycloalkyl, each substituted or unsubstituted aryl is a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ aryl, and/or each substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl is a substituted or unsubstituted 5 to 9 membered heteroaryl. In some embodiments, each substituted or unsubstituted alkylene is a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₈ alkylene, each substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkylene is a substituted or unsubstituted 2 to 8 membered heteroalkylene, each substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkylene is a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₇ cycloalkylene, each substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkylene is a substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 7 membered heterocycloalkylene, each substituted or unsubstituted arylene is a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ arylene, and/or each substituted or unsubstituted heteroarylene is a substituted or unsubstituted 5 to 9 membered heteroarylene. In some embodiments, the compound is a chemical species set forth in the Examples section, figures, or tables below.

The term “pharmaceutically acceptable salts” is meant to include salts of the active compounds that are prepared with relatively nontoxic acids or bases, depending on the particular substituents found on the compounds described herein. When compounds of the present invention contain relatively acidic functionalities, base addition salts can be obtained by contacting the neutral form of such compounds with a sufficient amount of the desired base, either neat or in a suitable inert solvent. Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable base addition salts include sodium, potassium, calcium, ammonium, organic amino, or magnesium salt, or a similar salt. When compounds of the present invention contain relatively basic functionalities, acid addition salts can be obtained by contacting the neutral form of such compounds with a sufficient amount of the desired acid, either neat or in a suitable inert solvent. Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts include those derived from inorganic acids like hydrochloric, hydrobromic, nitric, carbonic, monohydrogencarbonic, phosphoric, monohydrogenphosphoric, dihydrogenphosphoric, sulfuric, monohydrogensulfuric, hydriodic, or phosphorous acids and the like, as well as the salts derived from relatively nontoxic organic acids like acetic, propionic, isobutyric, maleic, malonic, benzoic, succinic, suberic, fumaric, lactic, mandelic, phthalic, benzenesulfonic, p-tolylsulfonic, citric, tartaric, methanesulfonic, and the like. Also included are salts of amino acids such as arginate and the like, and salts of organic acids like glucuronic or galactunoric acids and the like (see, e.g., Berge et al., Journal of Pharmaceutical Science 66:1-19 (1977)). Certain specific compounds of the present invention contain both basic and acidic functionalities that allow the compounds to be converted into either base or acid addition salts. Other pharmaceutically acceptable carriers known to those of skill in the art are suitable for the present invention. Salts tend to be more soluble in aqueous or other protonic solvents than are the corresponding free base forms. In other cases, the preparation may be a lyophilized powder in 1 mM-50 mM histidine, 0.1%-2% sucrose, 2%-7% mannitol at a pH range of 4.5 to 5.5, that is combined with buffer prior to use.

Thus, the compounds of the present invention may exist as salts, such as with pharmaceutically acceptable acids. The present invention includes such salts. Examples of such salts include hydrochlorides, hydrobromides, sulfates, methanesulfonates, nitrates, maleates, acetates, citrates, fumarates, tartrates (e.g., (+)-tartrates, (−)-tartrates, or mixtures thereof including racemic mixtures), succinates, benzoates, and salts with amino acids such as glutamic acid. These salts may be prepared by methods known to those skilled in the art.

The neutral forms of the compounds are preferably regenerated by contacting the salt with a base or acid and isolating the parent compound in the conventional manner. The parent form of the compound differs from the various salt forms in certain physical properties, such as solubility in polar solvents.

Provided herein are agents (e.g. compounds, drugs, therapeutic agents) that may be in a prodrug form. Prodrugs of the compounds described herein are those compounds that readily undergo chemical changes under select physiological conditions to provide the final agents (e.g. compounds, drugs, therapeutic agents). Additionally, prodrugs can be converted to agents (e.g. compounds, drugs, therapeutic agents) by chemical or biochemical methods in an ex vivo environment. Prodrugs described herein include compounds that readily undergo chemical changes under select physiological conditions to provide agents (e.g. compounds, drugs, therapeutic agents) to a biological system (e.g. in a subject, in a cancer cell, in the extracellular space near a cancer cell).

Certain compounds of the present invention can exist in unsolvated forms as well as solvated forms, including hydrated forms. In general, the solvated forms are equivalent to unsolvated forms and are encompassed within the scope of the present invention. Certain compounds of the present invention may exist in multiple crystalline or amorphous forms. In general, all physical forms are equivalent for the uses contemplated by the present invention and are intended to be within the scope of the present invention.

As used herein, the term “salt” refers to acid or base salts of the compounds used in the methods of the present invention. Illustrative examples of acceptable salts are mineral acid (hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, phosphoric acid, and the like) salts, organic acid (acetic acid, propionic acid, glutamic acid, citric acid and the like) salts, quaternary ammonium (methyl iodide, ethyl iodide, and the like) salts.

Certain compounds of the present invention possess asymmetric carbon atoms (optical or chiral centers) or double bonds; the enantiomers, racemates, diastereomers, tautomers, geometric isomers, stereoisomeric forms that may be defined, in terms of absolute stereochemistry, as (R)- or (S)- or, as (D)- or (L)- for amino acids, and individual isomers are encompassed within the scope of the present invention. The compounds of the present invention do not include those which are known in art to be too unstable to synthesize and/or isolate. The present invention is meant to include compounds in racemic and optically pure forms. Optically active (R)- and (S)-, or (D)- and (L)-isomers may be prepared using chiral synthons or chiral reagents, or resolved using conventional techniques. When the compounds described herein contain olefinic bonds or other centers of geometric asymmetry, and unless specified otherwise, it is intended that the compounds include both E and Z geometric isomers.

As used herein, the term “isomers” refers to compounds having the same number and kind of atoms, and hence the same molecular weight, but differing in respect to the structural arrangement or configuration of the atoms.

The term “tautomer,” as used herein, refers to one of two or more structural isomers which exist in equilibrium and which are readily converted from one isomeric form to another.

It will be apparent to one skilled in the art that certain compounds of this invention may exist in tautomeric forms, all such tautomeric forms of the compounds being within the scope of the invention.

Unless otherwise stated, structures depicted herein are also meant to include all stereochemical forms of the structure; i.e., the R and S configurations for each asymmetric center. Therefore, single stereochemical isomers as well as enantiomeric and diastereomeric mixtures of the present compounds are within the scope of the invention.

Unless otherwise stated, structures depicted herein are also meant to include compounds which differ only in the presence of one or more isotopically enriched atoms. For example, compounds having the present structures except for the replacement of a hydrogen by a deuterium or tritium, or the replacement of a carbon by ¹³C- or ¹⁴C-enriched carbon are within the scope of this invention.

The compounds of the present invention may also contain unnatural proportions of atomic isotopes at one or more of the atoms that constitute such compounds. For example, the compounds may be radiolabeled with radioactive isotopes, such as for example tritium (³H), iodine-125 (¹²⁵I), or carbon-14 (¹⁴C). All isotopic variations of the compounds of the present invention, whether radioactive or not, are encompassed within the scope of the present invention.

The symbol “

” denotes the point of attachment of a chemical moiety to the remainder of a molecule or chemical formula.

The terms “a” or “an,” as used in herein means one or more. In addition, the phrase “substituted with a[n],” as used herein, means the specified group may be substituted with one or more of any or all of the named substituents. For example, where a group, such as an alkyl or heteroaryl group, is “substituted with an unsubstituted C₁-C₂₀ alkyl, or unsubstituted 2 to 20 membered heteroalkyl,” the group may contain one or more unsubstituted C₁-C₂₀ alkyls, and/or one or more unsubstituted 2 to 20 membered heteroalkyls. Moreover, where a moiety is substituted with an R substituent, the group may be referred to as “R-substituted.” Where a moiety is R-substituted, the moiety is substituted with at least one R substituent and each R substituent is optionally different.

Descriptions of compounds of the present invention are limited by principles of chemical bonding known to those skilled in the art. Accordingly, where a group may be substituted by one or more of a number of substituents, such substitutions are selected so as to comply with principles of chemical bonding and to give compounds which are not inherently unstable and/or would be known to one of ordinary skill in the art as likely to be unstable under ambient conditions, such as aqueous, neutral, and several known physiological conditions. For example, a heterocycloalkyl or heteroaryl is attached to the remainder of the molecule via a ring heteroatom in compliance with principles of chemical bonding known to those skilled in the art thereby avoiding inherently unstable compounds.

In embodiments, a compound as described herein may include multiple instances of R² and/or other variables. In such embodiments, each variable may optional be different and be appropriately labeled to distinguish each group for greater clarity. For example, where each R² is different, they may be referred to, for example, as R^(2.1), R^(2.2), R^(2.3), and/or R^(2.4) respectively, wherein the definition of R² is assumed by R^(2.1), R^(2.2), R^(2.3), and/or R^(2.4). The variables used within a definition of R² and/or other variables that appear at multiple instances and are different may similarly be appropriately labeled to distinguish each group for greater clarity. In some embodiments, the compound is a compound described herein (e.g., in an aspect, embodiment, example, claim, table, scheme, drawing, or figure).

Where a moiety is substituted with an R substituent, the group may be referred to as “R-substituted.” Where a moiety is R-substituted, the moiety is substituted with at least one R substituent and each R substituent is optionally different. For example, where a moiety herein is R^(6A)-substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, a plurality of R^(6A) substituents may be attached to the alkyl moiety wherein each R^(6A) substituent is optionally different. Where an R-substituted moiety is substituted with a plurality R substituents, each of the R-substituents may be differentiated herein using a prime symbol (′) such as R′, R″, etc. For example, where a moiety is R^(6A)-substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, and the moiety is substituted with a plurality of R^(6A) substituents, the plurality of R^(6A) substituents may be differentiated as R^(6A)′, R^(6A)″, R^(6A)′, etc. In embodiments, the plurality of R substituents is 3. In embodiments, the plurality of R substituents is 2.

In embodiments, a compound as described herein may include multiple instances of R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹¹, R¹², R¹³, R¹⁴, R¹⁵, R¹⁶, R¹⁷, R¹⁸, R¹⁹, R²⁰, R²¹, R²², and/or other variables. In such embodiments, each variable may optional be different and be appropriately labeled to distinguish each group for greater clarity. For example, where each R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R, R⁶, R⁷, R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹¹, R¹², R¹³, R¹⁴, R¹⁵, R¹⁶, R¹⁷, R¹⁸, R¹⁹, R²⁰, R²¹, and/or R²², is different, they may be referred to, for example, as R^(1.1), R^(1.2), R^(1.3), R^(1.4), R^(2.1), R^(2.2), R^(2.3), R^(2.4), R^(3.1), R^(3.2), R^(3.3), R^(3.4), R^(4.1), R^(4.2), R^(4.3), R^(4.4), R^(5.1), R^(5.2), R^(5.3), R^(5.4), R^(6.1), R^(6.2), R^(6.3), R^(6.4), R^(7.1), R^(7.2), R^(7.3), R^(7.4), R^(8.1), R^(8.2), R^(8.3), R^(8.4), R^(9.1), R^(9.2), R^(9.3), R^(9.4), R^(1.1), R^(1.2), R^(1.3), R^(1.4), R^(11.1), R^(11.2), R^(11.3), R^(11.4), R^(12.1), R^(12.2), R^(12.3), R^(12.4), R^(13.1), R^(13.2), R^(13.3), R^(13.4), R^(14.1), R^(14.2), R^(14.3), R^(14.4), R^(15.1), R^(15.2), R^(15.3), R^(15.4), R^(16.1), R^(16.2), R^(16.3), R^(16.4), R^(17.1), R^(17.2), R^(17.3), R^(17.4), R^(18.1), R^(18.2), R^(18.3), R^(18.4), R^(19.1), R^(19.2), R^(19.3), R^(19.4), R^(20.1), R^(20.2), R^(20.3), R^(20.4), R^(21.1), R^(21.2), R^(21.3), R^(21.4), R^(22.1), R^(22.2), R^(22.3), and/or R^(22.4), respectively, wherein the definition of R¹ is assumed by R¹, R^(1.2), R^(1.3), and/or R^(1.4), the definition of R² is assumed by R^(2.1), R^(2.2), R^(2.3), and/or R^(2.4), the definition of R³ is assumed by R^(3.1), R^(3.2), R³³, and/or R^(3.4), the definition of R⁴ is assumed by R^(4.1), R^(4.2), R^(4.3), and/or R^(4.4), the definition of R⁵ is assumed by R^(5.1), R^(5.2), R^(5.3), and/or R^(5.4), the definition of R⁶ is assumed by R^(6.1), R^(6.2), R^(6.3), and/or R^(6.4), the definition of R⁷ is assumed by R^(7.1), R^(7.2), R^(7.3), and/or R^(7.4), the definition of R⁸ is assumed by R⁸, R^(8.2), R^(8.3), and/or R^(8.4), the definition of R⁹ is assumed by R^(9.1), R^(9.2), R^(9.3), and/or R^(9.4), the definition of R¹⁰ is assumed by R^(1.1), R^(10.2), R^(10.3), and/or R^(10.4), the definition of R¹¹ is assumed by R^(11.11), R^(11.2), R^(11.3), and/or R^(11.4), the definition of R¹² is assumed by R^(12.1), R^(12.2), R^(12.3), and/or R^(12.4), the definition of R¹³ is assumed by R^(13.1), R^(13.2), R^(13.3), and/or R^(13.4), the definition of R¹⁴ is assumed by R^(14.1), R^(14.2), R^(14.3), and/or R^(14.4), the definition of R¹⁵ is assumed by R^(15.1), R^(15.2), R^(15.3), and/or R^(15.4), the definition of R¹⁶ is assumed by R^(16.1), R^(16.2), R^(16.3), and/or R^(16.4), the definition of R¹⁷ is assumed by R^(17.1), R^(17.2), R^(17.3), and/or R^(17.4), the definition of R¹⁸ is assumed by R^(18.1), R^(18.2), R^(18.3), and/or R^(18.4) the definition of R¹⁹ is assumed by R^(19.1), R^(19.2), R^(19.3), and/or R^(19.4), the definition of R²⁰ is assumed by R^(20.1), R^(20.2), R^(20.3), and/or R^(20.4), the definition of R²¹ is assumed by R^(21.1), R^(21.2), R^(21.3), and/or R^(21.4), and the definition of R²² is assumed by R^(22.1), R^(22.2), R^(22.3), and/or R^(22.4). The variables used within a definition of R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹¹, R¹², R¹³, R¹⁴, R¹⁵, R¹⁶, R¹⁷, R¹⁸, R¹⁹, R²⁰, R²¹, R²², and/or other variables that appear at multiple instances and are different may similarly be appropriately labeled to distinguish each group for greater clarity.

The terms “treating” or “treatment” refers to any indicia of success in the treatment or amelioration of an injury, disease, pathology or condition, including any objective or subjective parameter such as abatement; remission; diminishing of symptoms or making the injury, pathology or condition more tolerable to the patient; slowing in the rate of degeneration or decline; making the final point of degeneration less debilitating; improving a patient's physical or mental well-being. The treatment or amelioration of symptoms can be based on objective or subjective parameters; including the results of a physical examination, neuropsychiatric exams, and/or a psychiatric evaluation. The term “treating” and conjugations thereof, include prevention of an injury, pathology, condition, or disease.

An “effective amount” is an amount sufficient to accomplish a stated purpose (e.g. achieve the effect for which it is administered, treat a disease, reduce enzyme activity, increase enzyme activity, reduce protein function, reduce one or more symptoms of a disease or condition). An example of an “effective amount” is an amount sufficient to contribute to the treatment, prevention, or reduction of a symptom or symptoms of a disease, which could also be referred to as a “therapeutically effective amount.” A “reduction” of a symptom or symptoms (and grammatical equivalents of this phrase) means decreasing of the severity or frequency of the symptom(s), or elimination of the symptom(s). A “prophylactically effective amount” of a drug or prodrug is an amount of a drug or prodrug that, when administered to a subject, will have the intended prophylactic effect, e.g., preventing or delaying the onset (or reoccurrence) of an injury, disease, pathology or condition, or reducing the likelihood of the onset (or reoccurrence) of an injury, disease, pathology, or condition, or their symptoms. The full prophylactic effect does not necessarily occur by administration of one dose, and may occur only after administration of a series of doses. Thus, a prophylactically effective amount may be administered in one or more administrations. The exact amounts will depend on the purpose of the treatment, and will be ascertainable by one skilled in the art using known techniques (see, e.g., Lieberman, Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms (vols. 1-3, 1992); Lloyd, The Art, Science and Technology of Pharmaceutical Compounding (1999); Pickar, Dosage Calculations (1999); and Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, 20th Edition, 2003, Gennaro, Ed., Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins).

The term “associated” or “associated with” in the context of a substance or substance activity or function associated with a disease (e.g. infectious disease, hyperproliferative disease, cancer) means that the disease is caused by (in whole or in part), or a symptom of the disease is caused by (in whole or in part) the substance or substance activity or function. As used herein, what is described as being associated with a disease, if a causative agent, could be a target for treatment of the disease. For example, a disease associated with infection may be treated with an agent (e.g. compound as described herein) effective as an antibiotic.

“Control” or “control experiment” or “standard control” is used in accordance with its plain ordinary meaning and refers to an experiment in which the subjects or reagents of the experiment are treated as in a parallel experiment except for omission of a procedure, reagent, or variable of the experiment. In some instances, the control is used as a standard of comparison in evaluating experimental effects.

“Contacting” is used in accordance with its plain ordinary meaning and refers to the process of allowing at least two distinct species (e.g. chemical compounds including biomolecules, or cells) to become sufficiently proximal to react, interact or physically touch. It should be appreciated, however, that the resulting reaction product can be produced directly from a reaction between the added reagents or from an intermediate from one or more of the added reagents which can be produced in the reaction mixture. The term “contacting” may include allowing two species to react, interact, or physically touch, wherein the two species may be a compound as described herein and a protein or enzyme. In some embodiments contacting includes allowing a compound described herein to interact with a protein or enzyme.

As defined herein, the term “inhibition”, “inhibit”, “inhibiting” and the like in reference to a protein-inhibitor (e.g. antagonist) interaction means negatively affecting (e.g. decreasing) the level of activity or function of the protein relative to the level of activity or function of the protein in the absence of the inhibitor. In some embodiments inhibition refers to reduction of a disease or symptoms of disease. Thus, inhibition may include, at least in part, partially or totally blocking stimulation, decreasing, preventing, or delaying activation, or inactivating, desensitizing, or down-regulating signal transduction or enzymatic activity or the amount of a protein.

As defined herein, the term “activation”, “activate”, “activating” and the like in reference to a protein-activator (e.g. agonist) interaction means positively affecting (e.g. increasing) the activity or function of the protein relative to the activity or function of the protein in the absence of the activator (e.g. compound described herein). Thus, activation may include, at least in part, partially or totally increasing stimulation, increasing or enabling activation, or activating, sensitizing, or up-regulating signal transduction or enzymatic activity or the amount of a protein decreased in a disease. Activation may include, at least in part, partially or totally increasing stimulation, increasing or enabling activation, or activating, sensitizing, or up-regulating signal transduction or enzymatic activity or the amount of a protein.

“Chemotherapeutic” or “chemotherapeutic agent” is used in accordance with its plain ordinary meaning and refers to a chemical composition or compound having antineoplastic properties or the ability to inhibit the growth or proliferation of cells.

“Patient” or “subject in need thereof” or “subject” refers to a living organism suffering from or prone to a disease or condition that can be treated by administration of a compound or pharmaceutical composition or by a method, as provided herein. Non-limiting examples include humans, other mammals, bovines, rats, mice, dogs, monkeys, goat, sheep, cows, deer, and other non-mammalian animals. In some embodiments, a patient is human. In some embodiments, a subject is human.

“Disease” or “condition” refer to a state of being or health status of a patient or subject capable of being treated with a compound, pharmaceutical composition, or method provided herein. In some embodiments, the disease results from an infection.

As used herein, the term “infectious disease” refers to a disease or condition related to the presence of an organism (the agent or infectious agent) within or contacting the subject or patient. Examples include a bacterium, fungus, virus, or other microorganism. A “bacterial infectious disease” is an infectious disease wherein the organism is a bacterium.

In some embodiments, the disease is a disease having the symptom of cell hyperproliferation. In some embodiments, the disease is a disease having the symptom of an aberrant level of androgen receptor activity. In some embodiments, the disease is a cancer. In some further instances, “cancer” refers to human cancers and carcinomas, sarcomas, adenocarcinomas, lymphomas, leukemias, etc., including solid and lymphoid cancers, kidney, breast, lung, bladder, colon, ovarian, prostate, pancreas, stomach, brain, head and neck, skin, uterine, testicular, glioma, esophagus, and liver cancer, including hepatocarcinoma, lymphoma, including B-acute lymphoblastic lymphoma, non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (e.g., Burkitt's, Small Cell, and Large Cell lymphomas), Hodgkin's lymphoma, leukemia (including AML, ALL, and CML), or multiple myeloma. In embodiments, the disease is prostate cancer. In embodiments, the disease is hormone sensitive prostate cancer. In embodiments, the disease is hormone refractory (insensitive) prostate cancer.

As used herein, the term “cancer” refers to all types of cancer, neoplasm or malignant tumors found in mammals (e.g. humans), including leukemia, carcinomas and sarcomas. Exemplary cancers that may be treated with a compound or method provided herein include cancer of the prostate, thyroid, endocrine system, brain, breast, cervix, colon, head & neck, liver, kidney, lung, non-small cell lung, melanoma, mesothelioma, ovary, sarcoma, stomach, uterus, Medulloblastoma, colorectal cancer, pancreatic cancer. Additional examples may include, Hodgkin's Disease, Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma, multiple myeloma, neuroblastoma, glioma, glioblastoma multiforme, ovarian cancer, rhabdomyosarcoma, primary thrombocytosis, primary macroglobulinemia, primary brain tumors, cancer, malignant pancreatic insulanoma, malignant carcinoid, urinary bladder cancer, premalignant skin lesions, testicular cancer, lymphomas, thyroid cancer, neuroblastoma, esophageal cancer, genitourinary tract cancer, malignant hypercalcemia, endometrial cancer, adrenal cortical cancer, neoplasms of the endocrine or exocrine pancreas, medullary thyroid cancer, medullary thyroid carcinoma, melanoma, colorectal cancer, papillary thyroid cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, or prostate cancer.

The term “leukemia” refers broadly to progressive, malignant diseases of the blood-forming organs and is generally characterized by a distorted proliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow. Leukemia is generally clinically classified on the basis of (1) the duration and character of the disease-acute or chronic; (2) the type of cell involved; myeloid (myelogenous), lymphoid (lymphogenous), or monocytic; and (3) the increase or non-increase in the number abnormal cells in the blood-leukemic or aleukemic (subleukemic). Exemplary leukemias that may be treated with a compound or method provided herein include, for example, acute nonlymphocytic leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, acute granulocytic leukemia, chronic granulocytic leukemia, acute promyelocytic leukemia, adult T-cell leukemia, aleukemic leukemia, a leukocythemic leukemia, basophylic leukemia, blast cell leukemia, bovine leukemia, chronic myelocytic leukemia, leukemia cutis, embryonal leukemia, eosinophilic leukemia, Gross' leukemia, hairy-cell leukemia, hemoblastic leukemia, hemocytoblastic leukemia, histiocytic leukemia, stem cell leukemia, acute monocytic leukemia, leukopenic leukemia, lymphatic leukemia, lymphoblastic leukemia, lymphocytic leukemia, lymphogenous leukemia, lymphoid leukemia, lymphosarcoma cell leukemia, mast cell leukemia, megakaryocytic leukemia, micromyeloblastic leukemia, monocytic leukemia, myeloblastic leukemia, myelocytic leukemia, myeloid granulocytic leukemia, myelomonocytic leukemia, Naegeli leukemia, plasma cell leukemia, multiple myeloma, plasmacytic leukemia, promyelocytic leukemia, Rieder cell leukemia, Schilling's leukemia, stem cell leukemia, subleukemic leukemia, or undifferentiated cell leukemia.

The term “sarcoma” generally refers to a tumor which is made up of a substance like the embryonic connective tissue and is generally composed of closely packed cells embedded in a fibrillar or homogeneous substance. Sarcomas that may be treated with a compound or method provided herein include a chondrosarcoma, fibrosarcoma, lymphosarcoma, melanosarcoma, myxosarcoma, osteosarcoma, Abemethy's sarcoma, adipose sarcoma, liposarcoma, alveolar soft part sarcoma, ameloblastic sarcoma, botryoid sarcoma, chloroma sarcoma, chorio carcinoma, embryonal sarcoma, Wilms' tumor sarcoma, endometrial sarcoma, stromal sarcoma, Ewing's sarcoma, fascial sarcoma, fibroblastic sarcoma, giant cell sarcoma, granulocytic sarcoma, Hodgkin's sarcoma, idiopathic multiple pigmented hemorrhagic sarcoma, immunoblastic sarcoma of B cells, lymphoma, immunoblastic sarcoma of T-cells, Jensen's sarcoma, Kaposi's sarcoma, Kupffer cell sarcoma, angiosarcoma, leukosarcoma, malignant mesenchymoma sarcoma, parosteal sarcoma, reticulocytic sarcoma, Rous sarcoma, serocystic sarcoma, synovial sarcoma, or telangiectaltic sarcoma.

The term “melanoma” is taken to mean a tumor arising from the melanocytic system of the skin and other organs. Melanomas that may be treated with a compound or method provided herein include, for example, acral-lentiginous melanoma, amelanotic melanoma, benign juvenile melanoma, Cloudman's melanoma, S91 melanoma, Harding-Passey melanoma, juvenile melanoma, lentigo maligna melanoma, malignant melanoma, nodular melanoma, subungal melanoma, or superficial spreading melanoma.

The term “carcinoma” refers to a malignant new growth made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate the surrounding tissues and give rise to metastases. Exemplary carcinomas that may be treated with a compound or method provided herein include, for example, medullary thyroid carcinoma, familial medullary thyroid carcinoma, acinar carcinoma, acinous carcinoma, adenocystic carcinoma, adenoid cystic carcinoma, carcinoma adenomatosum, carcinoma of adrenal cortex, alveolar carcinoma, alveolar cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, carcinoma basocellulare, basaloid carcinoma, basosquamous cell carcinoma, bronchioalveolar carcinoma, bronchiolar carcinoma, bronchogenic carcinoma, cerebriform carcinoma, cholangiocellular carcinoma, chorionic carcinoma, colloid carcinoma, comedo carcinoma, corpus carcinoma, cribriform carcinoma, carcinoma en cuirasse, carcinoma cutaneum, cylindrical carcinoma, cylindrical cell carcinoma, duct carcinoma, carcinoma durum, embryonal carcinoma, encephaloid carcinoma, epiermoid carcinoma, carcinoma epitheliale adenoides, exophytic carcinoma, carcinoma ex ulcere, carcinoma fibrosum, gelatiniforni carcinoma, gelatinous carcinoma, giant cell carcinoma, carcinoma gigantocellulare, glandular carcinoma, granulosa cell carcinoma, hair-matrix carcinoma, hematoid carcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, Hurthle cell carcinoma, hyaline carcinoma, hypernephroid carcinoma, infantile embryonal carcinoma, carcinoma in situ, intraepidermal carcinoma, intraepithelial carcinoma, Krompecher's carcinoma, Kulchitzky-cell carcinoma, large-cell carcinoma, lenticular carcinoma, carcinoma lenticulare, lipomatous carcinoma, lymphoepithelial carcinoma, carcinoma medullare, medullary carcinoma, melanotic carcinoma, carcinoma molle, mucinous carcinoma, carcinoma muciparum, carcinoma mucocellulare, mucoepidermoid carcinoma, carcinoma mucosum, mucous carcinoma, carcinoma myxomatodes, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, oat cell carcinoma, carcinoma ossificans, osteoid carcinoma, papillary carcinoma, periportal carcinoma, preinvasive carcinoma, prickle cell carcinoma, pultaceous carcinoma, renal cell carcinoma of kidney, reserve cell carcinoma, carcinoma sarcomatodes, schneiderian carcinoma, scirrhous carcinoma, carcinoma scroti, signet-ring cell carcinoma, carcinoma simplex, small-cell carcinoma, solanoid carcinoma, spheroidal cell carcinoma, spindle cell carcinoma, carcinoma spongiosum, squamous carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, string carcinoma, carcinoma telangiectaticum, carcinoma telangiectodes, transitional cell carcinoma, carcinoma tuberosum, tuberous carcinoma, verrucous carcinoma, or carcinoma villosum.

The term “aberrant” as used herein refers to different from normal. When used to describe enzymatic activity, aberrant refers to activity that is greater or less than a normal control or the average of normal non-diseased control samples. Aberrant activity may refer to an amount of activity that results in a disease, wherein returning the aberrant activity to a normal or non-disease-associated amount (e.g. by administering a compound or using a method as described herein), results in reduction of the disease or one or more disease symptoms.

“Pharmaceutically acceptable excipient” and “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” refer to a substance that aids the administration of an active agent to and absorption by a subject and can be included in the compositions of the present invention without causing a significant adverse toxicological effect on the patient. Non-limiting examples of pharmaceutically acceptable excipients include water, NaCl, normal saline solutions, lactated Ringer's, normal sucrose, normal glucose, binders, fillers, disintegrants, lubricants, coatings, sweeteners, flavors, salt solutions (such as Ringer's solution), alcohols, oils, gelatins, carbohydrates such as lactose, amylose or starch, fatty acid esters, hydroxymethycellulose, polyvinyl pyrrolidine, and colors, and the like. Such preparations can be sterilized and, if desired, mixed with auxiliary agents such as lubricants, preservatives, stabilizers, wetting agents, emulsifiers, salts for influencing osmotic pressure, buffers, coloring, and/or aromatic substances and the like that do not deleteriously react with the compounds of the invention. One of skill in the art will recognize that other pharmaceutical excipients are useful in the present invention.

The term “preparation” is intended to include the formulation of the active compound with encapsulating material as a carrier providing a capsule in which the active component with or without other carriers, is surrounded by a carrier, which is thus in association with it. Similarly, cachets and lozenges are included. Tablets, powders, capsules, pills, cachets, and lozenges can be used as solid dosage forms suitable for oral administration.

As used herein, the term “administering” means oral administration, administration as a suppository, topical contact, intravenous, parenteral, intraperitoneal, intramuscular, intralesional, intrathecal, intracranial, intranasal or subcutaneous administration, or the implantation of a slow-release device, e.g., a mini-osmotic pump, to a subject. Administration is by any route, including parenteral and transmucosal (e.g., buccal, sublingual, palatal, gingival, nasal, vaginal, rectal, or transdermal). Parenteral administration includes, e.g., intravenous, intramuscular, intra-arteriole, intradermal, subcutaneous, intraperitoneal, intraventricular, and intracranial. Other modes of delivery include, but are not limited to, the use of liposomal formulations, intravenous infusion, transdermal patches, etc. By “co-administer” it is meant that a composition described herein is administered at the same time, just prior to, or just after the administration of one or more additional therapies (e.g. anti-cancer agent). The compound of the invention can be administered alone or can be coadministered to the patient. Coadministration is meant to include simultaneous or sequential administration of the compound individually or in combination (more than one compound or agent). Thus, the preparations can also be combined, when desired, with other active substances (e.g. to reduce metabolic degradation, to increase degradation of a prodrug and release of the drug, detectable agent). The compositions of the present invention can be delivered by transdermally, by a topical route, formulated as applicator sticks, solutions, suspensions, emulsions, gels, creams, ointments, pastes, jellies, paints, powders, and aerosols. Oral preparations include tablets, pills, powder, dragees, capsules, liquids, lozenges, cachets, gels, syrups, slurries, suspensions, etc., suitable for ingestion by the patient. Solid form preparations include powders, tablets, pills, capsules, cachets, suppositories, and dispersible granules. Liquid form preparations include solutions, suspensions, and emulsions, for example, water or water/propylene glycol solutions. The compositions of the present invention may additionally include components to provide sustained release and/or comfort. Such components include high molecular weight, anionic mucomimetic polymers, gelling polysaccharides and finely-divided drug carrier substrates. These components are discussed in greater detail in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,911,920; 5,403,841; 5,212,162; and 4,861,760. The entire contents of these patents are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety for all purposes. The compositions of the present invention can also be delivered as microspheres for slow release in the body. For example, microspheres can be administered via intradermal injection of drug-containing microspheres, which slowly release subcutaneously (see Rao, J Biomater Sci. Polym. Ed. 7:623-645, 1995; as biodegradable and injectable gel formulations (see, e.g., Gao Pharm. Res. 12:857-863, 1995); or, as microspheres for oral administration (see, e.g., Eyles, J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 49:669-674, 1997). In another embodiment, the formulations of the compositions of the present invention can be delivered by the use of liposomes which fuse with the cellular membrane or are endocytosed, i.e., by employing receptor ligands attached to the liposome, that bind to surface membrane protein receptors of the infection causing agent resulting in endocytosis. By using liposomes, particularly where the liposome surface carries receptor ligands specific for target cells, or are otherwise preferentially directed to a specific target, one can focus the delivery of the compositions of the present invention into the target cells in vivo. The compositions of the present invention can also be delivered as nanoparticles.

Pharmaceutical compositions provided by the present invention include compositions wherein the active ingredient (e.g. compounds described herein, including embodiments or examples) is contained in a therapeutically effective amount, i.e., in an amount effective to achieve its intended purpose. The actual amount effective for a particular application will depend, inter alia, on the condition being treated. When administered in methods to treat a disease, such compositions will contain an amount of active ingredient effective to achieve the desired result, e.g., reducing, eliminating, or slowing the progression of disease symptoms (e.g. symptoms of infection). Determination of a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the invention is well within the capabilities of those skilled in the art, especially in light of the detailed disclosure herein.

The dosage and frequency (single or multiple doses) administered to a mammal can vary depending upon a variety of factors, for example, whether the mammal suffers from another disease, and its route of administration; size, age, sex, health, body weight, body mass index, and diet of the recipient; nature and extent of symptoms of the disease being treated (e.g. symptoms of cancer), kind of concurrent treatment, complications from the disease being treated or other health-related problems. Other therapeutic regimens or agents can be used in conjunction with the methods and compounds of Applicants' invention. Adjustment and manipulation of established dosages (e.g., frequency and duration) are well within the ability of those skilled in the art.

For any compound described herein, the therapeutically effective amount can be initially determined from cell culture assays. Target concentrations will be those concentrations of active compound(s) that are capable of achieving the methods described herein, as measured using the methods described herein or known in the art.

As is well known in the art, therapeutically effective amounts for use in humans can also be determined from animal models. For example, a dose for humans can be formulated to achieve a concentration that has been found to be effective in animals. The dosage in humans can be adjusted by monitoring compounds effectiveness and adjusting the dosage upwards or downwards, as described above. Adjusting the dose to achieve maximal efficacy in humans based on the methods described above and other methods is well within the capabilities of the ordinarily skilled artisan.

Dosages may be varied depending upon the requirements of the patient and the compound being employed. The dose administered to a patient, in the context of the present invention should be sufficient to effect a beneficial therapeutic response in the patient over time. The size of the dose also will be determined by the existence, nature, and extent of any adverse side-effects. Determination of the proper dosage for a particular situation is within the skill of the practitioner. Generally, treatment is initiated with smaller dosages which are less than the optimum dose of the compound. Thereafter, the dosage is increased by small increments until the optimum effect under circumstances is reached.

Dosage amounts and intervals can be adjusted individually to provide levels of the administered compound effective for the particular clinical indication being treated. This will provide a therapeutic regimen that is commensurate with the severity of the individual's disease state.

Utilizing the teachings provided herein, an effective prophylactic or therapeutic treatment regimen can be planned that does not cause substantial toxicity and yet is effective to treat the clinical symptoms demonstrated by the particular patient. This planning should involve the careful choice of active compound by considering factors such as compound potency, relative bioavailability, patient body weight, presence and severity of adverse side effects, preferred mode of administration and the toxicity profile of the selected agent.

The compounds described herein can be used in combination with one another, with other active agents known to be useful in treating cancer, or with adjunctive agents that may not be effective alone, but may contribute to the efficacy of the active agent.

In some embodiments, co-administration includes administering one active agent within 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 16, 20, or 24 hours of a second active agent. Co-administration includes administering two active agents simultaneously, approximately simultaneously (e.g., within about 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, or 30 minutes of each other), or sequentially in any order. In some embodiments, co-administration can be accomplished by co-formulation, i.e., preparing a single pharmaceutical composition including both active agents. In other embodiments, the active agents can be formulated separately. In another embodiment, the active and/or adjunctive agents may be linked or conjugated to one another. In some embodiments, the compounds described herein may be combined with treatments for cancer such as radiation or surgery.

Compositions

In a first aspect, there is provided a compound of formula (I),

Regarding the compound of formula (I), R¹ is hydrogen, halogen, —CX^(a) ₃, —CN, —SR⁹, —SO₂Cl, —SO_(v1)R⁹, —SO_(v1)NR⁹R¹⁰, —NHNH₂, —ONR⁹R¹⁰, —NHC═(O)NHNH₂, —NHC═(O)NR⁹R¹⁰, —N(O)_(m1), —NR⁹R¹⁰, —NH—O—R⁹, —NHC(O)R⁹, —C(O)R⁹, —C(O)—OR⁹, —C(O)NR⁹R¹⁰, —OR⁹, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl.

In embodiments, R¹ is hydrogen, halogen, —CX^(a) ₃, —CN, —SR⁹, —SO₂Cl, —SO_(n1)R⁹, —SO_(v1)NR⁹R¹⁰, —NHNH₂, —ONR⁹R¹⁰, —NHC═(O)NHNH₂, —NHC═(O)NR⁹R¹⁰, —N(O)_(m1), —NR⁹R¹⁰, —NH—O—R⁹, —NHC(O)R⁹, —C(O)R⁹, —C(O)—OR⁹, —C(O)NR⁹R¹⁰, or —OR⁹. In embodiments, R¹ is unsubstituted (e.g., C₁-C₂₀ or C₁-C₆) alkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., 2 to 20 membered or 2 to 6 membered) heteroalkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., C₃-C₈ or C₅-C₇) cycloalkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., 3 to 8 membered or 3 to 6 membered) heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., C₅-C₁₀ or C₅-C₆) aryl, or unsubstituted (e.g., 5 to 10 membered or 5 to 6 membered) heteroaryl. In embodiments, R¹ is R^(1A)-substituted (e.g., C₁-C₂₀ or C₁-C₆) alkyl, R^(1A)-substituted (e.g., 2 to 20 membered or 2 to 6 membered) heteroalkyl, R^(1A)-substituted (e.g., C₃-C₈ or C₅-C₇) cycloalkyl, R^(1A)-substituted (e.g., 3 to 8 membered or 3 to 6 membered) heterocycloalkyl, R^(1A)-substituted (e.g., C₅-C₁₀ or C₅-C₆) aryl, or R^(1A)-substituted (e.g., 5 to 10 membered or 5 to 6 membered) heteroaryl. R^(1A) may be independently hydrogen, halogen, ═O, ═S, —CF₃, —CN, —CCl₃, —COOH, —CH₂COOH, —CONH₂, —OH, —SH, —SO₂Cl, —SO₃H, —SO₄H, —SO₂NH₂, —NO₂, —NH₂, —NHNH₂, —ONH₂, —NHC═(O)NHNH₂, unsubstituted (e.g., C₁-C₂₀ or C₁-C₆) alkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., 2 to 20 membered or 2 to 6 membered) heteroalkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., C₃-C₈ or C₅-C₇) cycloalkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., 3 to 8 membered or 3 to 6 membered) heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., C₅-C₁₀ or C₅-C₆) aryl, or unsubstituted (e.g., 5 to 10 membered or 5 to 6 membered) heteroaryl.

R² is hydrogen, halogen, —CX^(b) ₃, —CN, —SR¹¹, —SO₂Cl, —SO_(n2)R¹¹, —SO_(v2)NR¹¹R¹², —NHNH₂, —ONR¹¹R¹², —NHC═(O)NHNH₂, —NHC═(O)NR¹¹R¹², —N(O)_(m2), —NR¹¹R¹², —NH—O—R¹¹, —NHC(O)R¹¹, —C(O)R¹¹, —C(O)—OR¹¹, —C(O)NR¹¹R¹², —OR¹¹, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl.

In embodiments, R² is hydrogen, halogen, —CX^(b) ₃, —CN, —SR¹¹, —SO₂Cl, —SO_(n2)R¹¹, —SO_(v2)NR¹¹R¹², —NHNH₂, —ONR¹¹R¹², —NHC═(O)NHNH₂, —NHC═(O)NR¹¹R¹², —N(O)_(m2), NR¹¹R¹², —NH—O—R¹¹, —NHC(O)R¹¹, —C(O)R¹¹, —C(O)—OR¹¹, —C(O)NR¹¹R¹² or —OR¹¹. In embodiments, R² is unsubstituted (e.g., C₁-C₂₀ or C₁-C₆) alkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., 2 to 20 membered or 2 to 6 membered) heteroalkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., C₃-C₈ or C₅-C₇) cycloalkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., 3 to 8 membered or 3 to 6 membered) heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., C₅-C₁₀ or C₅-C₆) aryl, or unsubstituted (e.g., 5 to 10 membered or 5 to 6 membered) heteroaryl. In embodiments, R² is R^(2A)-substituted (e.g., C₁-C₂₀ or C₁-C₆) alkyl, R^(2A)-substituted (e.g., 2 to 20 membered or 2 to 6 membered) heteroalkyl, R^(2A)-substituted (e.g., C₃-C₈ or C₅-C₇) cycloalkyl, R^(2A)-substituted (e.g., 3 to 8 membered or 3 to 6 membered) heterocycloalkyl, R^(2A)-substituted (e.g., C₅-C₁₀ or C₅-C₆) aryl, or R^(2A)-substituted (e.g., 5 to 10 membered or 5 to 6 membered) heteroaryl. R^(2A) may be independently hydrogen, halogen, ═O, ═S, —CF₃, —CN, —CCl₃, —COOH, —CH₂COOH, —CONH₂, —OH, —SH, —SO₂Cl, —SO₃H, —SO₄H, —SO₂NH₂, —NO₂, —NH₂, —NHNH₂, —ONH₂, —NHC═(O)NHNH₂, unsubstituted (e.g., C₁-C₂₀ or C₁-C₆) alkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., 2 to 20 membered or 2 to 6 membered) heteroalkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., C₃-C₈ or C₅-C₇) cycloalkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., 3 to 8 membered or 3 to 6 membered) heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., C₅-C₁₀ or C₅-C₆) aryl, or unsubstituted (e.g., 5 to 10 membered or 5 to 6 membered) heteroaryl.

R³ is hydrogen, halogen, —CX^(c) ₃, —CN, —SR¹³, —SO₂Cl, —SO_(n3)R¹³, —SO_(v3)NR¹³R¹⁴, —NHNH₂, —ONR¹³R¹⁴, —NHC═(O)NHNH₂, —NHC═(O)NR¹³R¹⁴, —N(O)_(m3), —NR¹³R¹⁴, —NH—O—R¹³, —NHC(O)R¹³, —C(O)R¹³, —C(O)—OR, —C(O)NR¹³R¹⁴, —OR¹³, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl.

In embodiments, R³ is hydrogen, halogen, —CX^(c) ₃, —CN, —SR¹³, —SO₂Cl, —SO_(n3)R¹³, —SO_(v3)NR¹³R¹⁴, —NHNH₂, —ONR¹³R¹⁴, —NHC═(O)NHNH₂, —NHC═(O)NR¹³R¹⁴, —N(O)_(m3), —NR¹³R¹⁴, —NH—O—R¹³, —NHC(O)R¹³, —C(O)R¹³, —C(O)—OR¹³, —C(O)NR¹³R¹⁴ or —OR¹³. In embodiments, R³ is unsubstituted (e.g., C₁-C₂₀ or C₁-C₆) alkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., 2 to 20 membered or 2 to 6 membered) heteroalkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., C₃-C₈ or C₅-C₇) cycloalkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., 3 to 8 membered or 3 to 6 membered) heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., C₅-C₁₀ or C₅-C₆) aryl, or unsubstituted (e.g., 5 to 10 membered or 5 to 6 membered) heteroaryl. In embodiments, R³ is R^(3A)-substituted (e.g., C₁-C₂₀ or C₁-C₆) alkyl, R^(3A)-substituted (e.g., 2 to 20 membered or 2 to 6 membered) heteroalkyl, R^(3A)-substituted (e.g., C₃-C₈ or C₅-C₇) cycloalkyl, R^(3A)-substituted (e.g., 3 to 8 membered or 3 to 6 membered) heterocycloalkyl, R^(3A)-substituted (e.g., C₅-C₁₀ or C₅-C₆) aryl, or R^(3A)-substituted (e.g., 5 to 10 membered or 5 to 6 membered) heteroaryl. R^(3A) may be independently hydrogen, halogen, ═O, ═S, —CF₃, —CN, —CCl₃, —COOH, —CH₂COOH, —CONH₂, —OH, —SH, —SO₂Cl, —SO₃H, —SO₄H, —SO₂NH₂, —NO₂, —NH₂, —NHNH₂, —ONH₂, —NHC═(O)NHNH₂, unsubstituted (e.g., C₁-C₂₀ or C₁-C₆) alkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., 2 to 20 membered or 2 to 6 membered) heteroalkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., C₃-C₈ or C₅-C₇) cycloalkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., 3 to 8 membered or 3 to 6 membered) heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., C₅-C₁₀ or C₅-C₆) aryl, or unsubstituted (e.g., 5 to 10 membered or 5 to 6 membered) heteroaryl.

R⁸ is hydrogen, halogen, —CX^(d) ₃, —CN, —SR¹⁵, —SO₂Cl, —SO_(n4)R¹⁵, —SO_(v4)NR¹⁵R¹⁶, —NHNH₂, —ONR¹⁵R¹⁶, —NHC═(O)NHNH₂, —NHC═(O)NR¹⁵R¹⁶, —N(O)_(m4), —NR¹⁵R¹⁶, —NH—O—R¹⁵, —NHC(O)R¹⁵, —C(O)R¹⁵, —C(O)—OR, —C(O)NR¹⁵R¹⁶, —OR¹⁵, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl.

In embodiments, R⁸ is hydrogen, halogen, —CX^(d3), —CN, —SR¹⁵, —SO₂Cl, —SO_(n4)R¹⁵, —SO_(v4)NR¹⁵R¹⁶, —NHNH₂, —ONR¹⁵R¹⁶, —NHC═(O)NHNH₂, —NHC═(O)NR¹⁵R¹⁶, —N(O)_(m4), —NR¹⁵R¹⁶, —NH—O—R¹⁵, —NHC(O)R¹⁵, —C(O)R¹⁵, —C(O)—OR¹⁵, —C(O)NR¹⁵R¹⁶ or —OR¹⁵. In embodiments, R⁸ is unsubstituted (e.g., C₁-C₂₀ or C₁-C₆) alkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., 2 to 20 membered or 2 to 6 membered) heteroalkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., C₃-C₈ or C₅-C₇) cycloalkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., 3 to 8 membered or 3 to 6 membered) heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., C₅-C₁₀ or C₅-C₆) aryl, or unsubstituted (e.g., 5 to 10 membered or 5 to 6 membered) heteroaryl. In embodiments, R⁸ is R^(8A)-substituted (e.g., C₁-C₂₀ or C₁-C₆) alkyl, R^(8A)-substituted (e.g., 2 to 20 membered or 2 to 6 membered) heteroalkyl, R^(8A)-substituted (e.g., C₃-C₈ or C₅-C₇) cycloalkyl, R^(8A)-substituted (e.g., 3 to 8 membered or 3 to 6 membered) heterocycloalkyl, R^(8A)-substituted (e.g., C₅-C₁₀ or C₅-C₆) aryl, or R^(8A)-substituted (e.g., 5 to 10 membered or 5 to 6 membered) heteroaryl. R^(8A) may be independently hydrogen, halogen, ═O, ═S, —CF₃, —CN, —CCl₃, —COOH, —CH₂COOH, —CONH₂, —OH, —SH, —SO₂Cl, —SO₃H, —SO₄H, —SO₂NH₂, —NO₂, —NH₂, —NHNH₂, —ONH₂, —NHC═(O)NHNH₂, unsubstituted (e.g., C₁-C₂₀ or C₁-C₆) alkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., 2 to 20 membered or 2 to 6 membered) heteroalkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., C₃-C₈ or C₅-C₇) cycloalkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., 3 to 8 membered or 3 to 6 membered) heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., C₅-C₁₀ or C₅-C₆) aryl, or unsubstituted (e.g., 5 to 10 membered or 5 to 6 membered) heteroaryl.

R⁴ is unsubstituted alkyl, unsubstituted heteroalkyl, unsubstituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted aryl, or unsubstituted heteroaryl.

In embodiments, R⁴ is unsubstituted (e.g., C₁-C₂₀ or C₁-C₆) alkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., 2 to 20 membered or 2 to 6 membered) heteroalkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., C₃-C₈ or C₅-C₇) cycloalkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., 3 to 8 membered or 3 to 6 membered) heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., C₅-C₁₀ or C₅-C₆) aryl, or unsubstituted (e.g., 5 to 10 membered or 5 to 6 membered) heteroaryl. In embodiments, R⁴ is R^(4A)-substituted (e.g., C₁-C₂₀ or C₁-C₆) alkyl, R^(4A)-substituted (e.g., 2 to 20 membered or 2 to 6 membered) heteroalkyl, R^(4A)-substituted (e.g., C₃-C₈ or C₅-C₇) cycloalkyl, R^(4A)-substituted (e.g., 3 to 8 membered or 3 to 6 membered) heterocycloalkyl, R^(4A)-substituted (e.g., C₅-C₁₀ or C₅-C₆) aryl, or R^(4A)-substituted (e.g., 5 to 10 membered or 5 to 6 membered) heteroaryl. R^(4A) may be independently hydrogen, halogen, ═O, ═S, —CF₃, —CN, —CCl₃, —COOH, —CH₂COOH, —CONH₂, —OH, —SH, —SO₂Cl, —SO₃H, —SO₄H, —SO₂NH₂, —NO₂, —NH₂, —NHNH₂, —ONH₂, —NHC═(O)NHNH₂, unsubstituted (e.g., C₁-C₂₀ or C₁-C₆) alkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., 2 to 20 membered or 2 to 6 membered) heteroalkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., C₃-C₈ or C₅-C₇) cycloalkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., 3 to 8 membered or 3 to 6 membered) heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., C₅-C₁₀ or C₅-C₆) aryl, or unsubstituted (e.g., 5 to 10 membered or 5 to 6 membered) heteroaryl.

R⁵ is hydrogen, halogen, —CX^(e) ₃, —CN, —SR¹⁷, —SO₂Cl, —SO_(n5)R¹⁷, —SO_(v5)NR¹⁷R¹⁸, —NHNH₂, —ONR¹⁷R¹⁸, —NHC═(O)NHNH₂, —NHC═(O)NR¹⁷R¹⁸, —N(O)_(m5), —NR¹⁷R¹⁸, —NH—O—R¹⁷, —NHC(O)R¹⁷, —C(O)R¹⁷, —C(O)—OR¹⁷, —C(O)NR¹⁷R¹⁸, —OR¹⁷, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl.

In embodiments, R⁵ is hydrogen, halogen, —CX^(e3), —CN, —SR¹⁷, —SO₂Cl, —SO_(n5)R¹⁷, —SO_(v5)NR¹⁷R¹⁸, —NHNH₂, —ONR¹⁷R¹⁸, —NHC═(O)NHNH₂, —NHC═(O)NR¹⁷R¹⁸, —N(O)_(m5), —NR¹⁷R¹⁸, —NH—O—R¹⁷, —NHC(O)R¹⁷, —C(O)R¹⁷, —C(O)—OR¹⁷, —C(O)NR¹⁷R¹⁸ or —OR¹⁷. In embodiments, R⁵ is unsubstituted (e.g., C₁-C₂₀ or C₁-C₆) alkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., 2 to 20 membered or 2 to 6 membered) heteroalkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., C₃-C₈ or C₅-C₇) cycloalkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., 3 to 8 membered or 3 to 6 membered) heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., C₅-C₁₀ or C₅-C₆) aryl, or unsubstituted (e.g., 5 to 10 membered or 5 to 6 membered) heteroaryl. In embodiments, R⁵ is R^(5A)-substituted (e.g., C₁-C₂₀ or C₁-C₆) alkyl, R^(5A)-substituted (e.g., 2 to 20 membered or 2 to 6 membered) heteroalkyl, R^(5A)-substituted (e.g., C₃-C₈ or C₅-C₇) cycloalkyl, R^(5A)-substituted (e.g., 3 to 8 membered or 3 to 6 membered) heterocycloalkyl, R^(5A)-substituted (e.g., C₅-C₁₀ or C₅-C₆) aryl, or R^(5A)-substituted (e.g., 5 to 10 membered or 5 to 6 membered) heteroaryl. R^(5A) may be independently hydrogen, halogen, ═O, ═S, —CF₃, —CN, —CCl₃, —COOH, —CH₂COOH, —CONH₂, —OH, —SH, —SO₂Cl, —SO₃H, —SO₄H, —SO₂NH₂, —NO₂, —NH₂, —NHNH₂, —ONH₂, —NHC═(O)NHNH₂, unsubstituted (e.g., C₁-C₂₀ or C₁-C₆) alkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., 2 to 20 membered or 2 to 6 membered) heteroalkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., C₃-C₈ or C₅-C₇) cycloalkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., 3 to 8 membered or 3 to 6 membered) heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., C₅-C₁₀ or C₅-C₆) aryl, or unsubstituted (e.g., 5 to 10 membered or 5 to 6 membered) heteroaryl.

R⁶ is R^(6A)-substituted cycloalkyl, R^(6A)-substituted heterocycloalkyl, R^(6A)-substituted aryl or R^(6A)-substituted heteroaryl. R^(6A) is halogen, —CX^(f) ₃, —CN, —SR¹⁹, —SO₂Cl, —SO_(n6)R¹⁹, —SO_(v6)NR¹⁹R²⁰, —NHNH₂, —ONR¹⁹R², —NHC═(O)NHNH₂, —NHC═(O)NR¹⁹R²⁰, —N(O)_(m6), —NR¹⁹R²⁰, —NH—O—R¹⁹, —NHC(O)R¹⁹, —C(O)R¹⁹, —C(O)—OR¹⁹, —C(O)NR¹⁹R²⁰, —OR¹⁹, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. In embodiments, R^(6A) is unsubstituted (e.g., C₁-C₂₀ or C₁-C₆) alkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., 2 to 20 membered or 2 to 6 membered) heteroalkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., C₃-C₈ or C₅-C₇) cycloalkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., 3 to 8 membered or 3 to 6 membered) heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., C₅-C₁₀ or C₅-C₆) aryl, or unsubstituted (e.g., 5 to 10 membered or 5 to 6 membered) heteroaryl. In embodiments, R^(6A) is R^(6B)-substituted (e.g., C₁-C₂₀ or C₁-C₆) alkyl, R^(6B)-substituted (e.g., 2 to 20 membered or 2 to 6 membered) heteroalkyl, R^(6B)-substituted (e.g., C₃-C₈ or C₅-C₇) cycloalkyl, R^(6B)-substituted (e.g., 3 to 8 membered or 3 to 6 membered) heterocycloalkyl, R^(6B)-substituted (e.g., C₅-C₁₀ or C₅-C₆) aryl, or R^(6B)-substituted (e.g., 5 to 10 membered or 5 to 6 membered) heteroaryl. R^(6B) may be independently hydrogen, halogen, ═O, ═S, —CF₃, —CN, —CCl₃, —COOH, —CH₂COOH, —CONH₂, —OH, —SH, —SO₂Cl, —SO₃H, —SO₄H, —SO₂NH₂, —NO₂, —NH₂, —NHNH₂, —ONH₂, —NHC═(O)NHNH₂, unsubstituted (e.g., C₁-C₂₀ or C₁-C₆) alkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., 2 to 20 membered or 2 to 6 membered) heteroalkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., C₃-C₈ or C₅-C₇) cycloalkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., 3 to 8 membered or 3 to 6 membered) heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., C₅-C₁₀ or C₅-C₆) aryl, or unsubstituted (e.g., 5 to 10 membered or 5 to 6 membered) heteroaryl.

R⁷ is hydrogen, halogen, —CX^(g) ₃, —CN, —SR²¹, —SO₂Cl, —SO_(n)R²¹, —SO_(v7)NR²¹R²², —NHNH₂, —ONR²¹R²², —NHC═(O)NHNH₂, —NHC═(O)NR^(21R2), —N(O)_(m7), —NR²¹R²², —NH—O—R²¹, —NHC(O)R²¹, —C(O)R²¹, —C(O)—OR²¹, —C(O)NR²¹R²², —OR²¹, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl.

In embodiments, R⁷ is hydrogen, halogen, —CX^(g) ₃, —CN, —SR²¹, —SO₂Cl, —SO_(n7)R²¹, —SO_(v7)NR²¹R²², —NHNH₂, —ONR²¹R²², —NHC═(O)NHNH₂, —NHC═(O)NR²¹R²², —N(O)_(m7), —NR²¹R²², —NH—O—R²¹, —NHC(O)R²¹, —C(O)R²¹, —C(O)—OR²¹, —C(O)NR²¹R²² or —OR²¹. In embodiments, R⁷ is unsubstituted (e.g., C₁-C₂₀ or C₁-C₆) alkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., 2 to 20 membered or 2 to 6 membered) heteroalkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., C₃-C₈ or C₅-C₇) cycloalkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., 3 to 8 membered or 3 to 6 membered) heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., C₅-C₁₀ or C₅-C₆) aryl, or unsubstituted (e.g., 5 to 10 membered or 5 to 6 membered) heteroaryl. In embodiments, R⁷ is R^(7A)-substituted (e.g., C₁-C₂₀ or C₁-C₆) alkyl, R^(7A)-substituted (e.g., 2 to 20 membered or 2 to 6 membered) heteroalkyl, R^(7A)-substituted (e.g., C₃-C₈ or C₅-C₇) cycloalkyl, R^(7A)-substituted (e.g., 3 to 8 membered or 3 to 6 membered) heterocycloalkyl, R^(7A)-substituted (e.g., C₅-C₀ or C₅-C₆) aryl, or R^(7A)-substituted (e.g., 5 to 10 membered or 5 to 6 membered) heteroaryl. R^(7A) may be independently hydrogen, halogen, ═O, ═S, —CF₃, —CN, —CCl₃, —COOH, —CH₂COOH, —CONH₂, —OH, —SH, —SO₂Cl, —SO₃H, —SO₄H, —SO₂NH₂, —NO₂, —NH₂, —NHNH₂, —ONH₂, —NHC═(O)NHNH₂, unsubstituted (e.g., C₁-C₂₀ or C₁-C₆) alkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., 2 to 20 membered or 2 to 6 membered) heteroalkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., C₃-C₈ or C₅-C₇) cycloalkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., 3 to 8 membered or 3 to 6 membered) heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., C₅-C₁₀ or C₅-C₆) aryl, or unsubstituted (e.g., 5 to 10 membered or 5 to 6 membered) heteroaryl.

L is a bond, —S(O)—, —S(O)₂NH—, —NHS(O)₂—, —C(O)O—, —OC(O)—, —C(O)—, —C(O)NH—, —NH—, —NHC(O)—, —O—, —S—, substituted or unsubstituted alkylene, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted arylene, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroarylene. In embodiments, L¹ is unsubstituted (e.g., C₁-C₂₀ or C₁-C₆) alkylene, unsubstituted (e.g., 2 to 20 membered or 2 to 6 membered) heteroalkylene, unsubstituted (e.g., C₃-C₈ or C₅-C₇) cycloalkylene, unsubstituted (e.g., 3 to 8 membered or 3 to 6 membered) heterocycloalkylene, unsubstituted (e.g., C₅-C₁₀ or C₅-C₆) arylene, or unsubstituted (e.g., 5 to 10 membered or 5 to 6 membered) heteroarylene. In embodiments, L is R^(L1)-substituted (e.g., C₁-C₂₀ or C₁-C₆) alkylene, R^(L1)-substituted (e.g., 2 to 20 membered or 2 to 6 membered) heteroalkylene, R^(L1)-substituted (e.g., C₃-C₈ or C₅-C₇) cycloalkylene, R^(L1)-substituted 20 (e.g., 3 to 8 membered or 3 to 6 membered) heterocycloalkylene, R^(L1)-substituted (e.g., C₅-C₀ or C₅-C₆) arylene, or R^(L1)-substituted (e.g., 5 to 10 membered or 5 to 6 membered) heteroarylene. R^(L1) may be independently hydrogen, halogen, ═O, ═S, —CF₃, —CN, —CCl₃, —COOH, —CH₂COOH, —CONH₂, —OH, —SH, —SO₂Cl, —SO₃H, —SO₄H, —SO₂NH₂, —NO₂, —NH₂, —NHNH₂, —ONH₂, —NHC═(O)NHNH₂, unsubstituted (e.g., C₁-C₂₀ or C₁-C₆) alkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., 2 to 20 membered or 2 to 6 membered) heteroalkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., C₃-C₈ or C₅-C₇) cycloalkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., 3 to 8 membered or 3 to 6 membered) heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., C₅-C₁₀ or C₅-C₆) aryl, or unsubstituted (e.g., 5 to 10 membered or 5 to 6 membered) heteroaryl.

R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹¹, R¹², R¹³, R¹⁴, R⁵, R¹⁶, R¹⁷, R¹⁸, R¹⁹, R²⁰, R²¹, and R²², are independently hydrogen, halogen, ═O, ═S, —CF₃, —CN, —CCl₃, —COOH, —CH₂COOH, —COCH₃, —CONH₂, —OH, —OC(O)CH₃, —SH, —SO₂Cl, —SO₃H, —SO₄H, —SO₂NH₂, —NO₂, —NH₂, —NHNH₂, —ONH₂, —NHC═(O)NHNH₂, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl.

In embodiments, R⁹ is hydrogen, halogen, ═O, ═S, —CF₃, —CN, —CCl₃, —COOH, —CH₂COOH, —COCH₃, —CONH₂, —OH, —OC(O)CH₃, —SH, —SO₂Cl, —SO₃H, —SO₄H, —SO₂NH₂, —NO₂, —NH₂, —NHNH₂, —ONH₂ or —NHC═(O)NHNH₂. In embodiments, R⁹ is unsubstituted (e.g., C₁-C₂₀ or C₁-C₆) alkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., 2 to 20 membered or 2 to 6 membered) heteroalkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., C₃-C₈ or C₅-C₇) cycloalkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., 3 to 8 membered or 3 to 6 membered) heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., C₅-C₁₀ or C₅-C₆) aryl, or unsubstituted (e.g., 5 to 10 membered or 5 to 6 membered) heteroaryl. In embodiments, R⁹ is R^(9A)-substituted (e.g., C₁-C₂₀ or C₁-C₆) alkyl, R^(9A)-substituted (e.g., 2 to 20 membered or 2 to 6 membered) heteroalkyl, R^(9A)-substituted (e.g., C₃-C₈ or C₅-C₇) cycloalkyl, R^(9A)-substituted (e.g., 3 to 8 membered or 3 to 6 membered) heterocycloalkyl, R^(9A)-substituted (e.g., C₅-C₁₀ or C₅-C₆) aryl, or R^(9A)-substituted (e.g., 5 to 10 membered or 5 to 6 membered) heteroaryl. R^(9A) may be independently hydrogen, halogen, ═O, ═S, —CF₃, —CN, —CCl₃, —COOH, —CH₂COOH, —CONH₂, —OH, —SH, —SO₂Cl, —SO₃H, —SO₄H, —SO₂NH₂, —NO₂, —NH₂, —NHNH₂, —ONH₂, —NHC═(O)NHNH₂, unsubstituted (e.g., C₁-C₂₀ or C₁-C₆) alkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., 2 to 20 membered or 2 to 6 membered) heteroalkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., C₃-C₈ or C₅-C₇) cycloalkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., 3 to 8 membered or 3 to 6 membered) heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., C₅-C₁₀ or C₅-C₆) aryl, or unsubstituted (e.g., 5 to 10 membered or 5 to 6 membered) heteroaryl.

In embodiments, R¹⁰ is hydrogen, halogen, ═O, ═S, —CF₃, —CN, —CCl₃, —COOH, —CH₂COOH, —COCH₃, —CONH₂, —OH, —OC(O)CH₃, —SH, —SO₂Cl, —SO₃H, —SO₄H, —SO₂NH₂, —NO₂, —NH₂, —NHNH₂, —ONH₂ or —NHC═(O)NHNH₂. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is unsubstituted (e.g., C₁-C₂₀ or C₁-C₆) alkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., 2 to 20 membered or 2 to 6 membered) heteroalkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., C₃-C₈ or C₅-C₇) cycloalkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., 3 to 8 membered or 3 to 6 membered) heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., C₅-C₁₀ or C₅-C₆) aryl, or unsubstituted (e.g., 5 to 10 membered or 5 to 6 membered) heteroaryl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is R^(10A)-substituted (e.g., C₁-C₂₀ or C₁-C₆) alkyl, R^(10A)-substituted (e.g., 2 to 20 membered or 2 to 6 membered) heteroalkyl, R^(10A)-substituted (e.g., C₃-C₈ or C₅-C₇) cycloalkyl, R^(1A)-substituted (e.g., 3 to 8 membered or 3 to 6 membered) heterocycloalkyl, R^(10A)-substituted (e.g., C₅-C₁₀ or C₅-C₆) aryl, or R^(10A)-substituted (e.g., 5 to 10 membered or 5 to 6 membered) heteroaryl. R^(10A) may be independently hydrogen, halogen, ═O, ═S, —CF₃, —CN, —CCl₃, —COOH, —CH₂COOH, —CONH₂, —OH, —SH, —SO₂Cl, —SO₃H, —SO₄H, —SO₂NH₂, —NO₂, —NH₂, —NHNH₂, —ONH₂, —NHC═(O)NHNH₂, unsubstituted (e.g., C₁-C₂₀ or C₁-C₆) alkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., 2 to 20 membered or 2 to 6 membered) heteroalkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., C₃-C₈ or C₅-C₇) cycloalkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., 3 to 8 membered or 3 to 6 membered) heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., C₅-C₁₀ or C₅-C₆) aryl, or unsubstituted (e.g., 5 to 10 membered or 5 to 6 membered) heteroaryl.

In embodiments, R¹¹ is hydrogen, halogen, ═O, ═S, —CF₃, —CN, —CCl₃, —COOH, —CH₂COOH, —COCH₃, —CONH₂, —OH, —OC(O)CH₃, —SH, —SO₂Cl, —SO₃H, —SO₄H, —SO₂NH₂, —NO₂, —NH₂, —NHNH₂, —ONH₂ or —NHC═(O)NHNH₂. In embodiments, R¹¹ is unsubstituted (e.g., C₁-C₂₀ or C₁-C₆) alkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., 2 to 20 membered or 2 to 6 membered) heteroalkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., C₃-C₈ or C₅-C₇) cycloalkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., 3 to 8 membered or 3 to 6 membered) heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., C₅-C₁₀ or C₅-C₆) aryl, or unsubstituted (e.g., 5 to 10 membered or 5 to 6 membered) heteroaryl. In embodiments, R¹ is R^(11A)-substituted (e.g., C₁-C₂₀ or C₁-C₆) alkyl, R^(11A)-substituted (e.g., 2 to 20 membered or 2 to 6 membered) heteroalkyl, R^(11A)-substituted (e.g., C₃-C₈ or C₅-C₇) cycloalkyl, R^(11A)-substituted (e.g., 3 to 8 membered or 3 to 6 membered) heterocycloalkyl, R^(11A)-substituted (e.g., C₅-C₁₀ or C₅-C₆) aryl, or R^(11A)-substituted (e.g., 5 to 10 membered or 5 to 6 membered) heteroaryl. R^(11A) may be independently hydrogen, halogen, ═O, ═S, —CF₃, —CN, —CCl₃, —COOH, —CH₂COOH, —CONH₂, —OH, —SH, —SO₂Cl, —SO₃H, —SO₄H, —SO₂NH₂, —NO₂, —NH₂, —NHNH₂, —ONH₂, —NHC═(O)NHNH₂, unsubstituted (e.g., C₁-C₂₀ or C₁-C₆) alkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., 2 to 20 membered or 2 to 6 membered) heteroalkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., C₃-C₈ or C₅-C₇) cycloalkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., 3 to 8 membered or 3 to 6 membered) heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., C₅-C₁₀ or C₅-C₆) aryl, or unsubstituted (e.g., 5 to 10 membered or 5 to 6 membered) heteroaryl.

In embodiments, R¹² is hydrogen, halogen, ═O, ═S, —CF₃, —CN, —CCl₃, —COOH, —CH₂COOH, —COCH₃, —CONH₂, —OH, —OC(O)CH₃, —SH, —SO₂Cl, —SO₃H, —SO₄H, —SO₂NH₂, —NO₂, —NH₂, —NHNH₂, —ONH₂ or —NHC═(O)NHNH₂. In embodiments, R¹² is unsubstituted (e.g., C₁-C₂₀ or C₁-C₆) alkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., 2 to 20 membered or 2 to 6 membered) heteroalkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., C₃-C₈ or C₅-C₇) cycloalkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., 3 to 8 membered or 3 to 6 membered) heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., C₅-C₁₀ or C₅-C₆) aryl, or unsubstituted (e.g., 5 to 10 membered or 5 to 6 membered) heteroaryl. In embodiments, R¹² is R^(12A)-substituted (e.g., C₁-C₂₀ or C₁-C₆) alkyl, R^(12A)-substituted (e.g., 2 to 20 membered or 2 to 6 membered) heteroalkyl, R^(12A)-substituted (e.g., C₃-C₈ or C₅-C₇) cycloalkyl, R^(12A)-substituted (e.g., 3 to 8 membered or 3 to 6 membered) heterocycloalkyl, R^(12A)-substituted (e.g., C₅-C₁₀ or C₅-C₆) aryl, or R^(12A)-substituted (e.g., 5 to 10 membered or 5 to 6 membered) heteroaryl. R^(12A) may be independently hydrogen, halogen, ═O, ═S, —CF₃, —CN, —CCl₃, —COOH, —CH₂COOH, —CONH₂, —OH, —SH, —SO₂Cl, —SO₃H, —SO₄H, —SO₂NH₂, —NO₂, —NH₂, —NHNH₂, —ONH₂, —NHC═(O)NHNH₂, unsubstituted (e.g., C₁-C₂₀ or C₁-C₆) alkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., 2 to 20 membered or 2 to 6 membered) heteroalkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., C₃-C₈ or C₅-C₇) cycloalkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., 3 to 8 membered or 3 to 6 membered) heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., C₅-C₁₀ or C₅-C₆) aryl, or unsubstituted (e.g., 5 to 10 membered or 5 to 6 membered) heteroaryl.

In embodiments, R¹³ is hydrogen, halogen, ═O, ═S, —CF₃, —CN, —CCl₃, —COOH, —CH₂COOH, —COCH₃, —CONH₂, —OH, —OC(O)CH₃, —SH, —SO₂Cl, —SO₃H, —SO₄H, —SO₂NH₂, —NO₂, —NH₂, —NHNH₂, —ONH₂ or —NHC═(O)NHNH₂. In embodiments, R¹³ is unsubstituted (e.g., C₁-C₂₀ or C₁-C₆) alkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., 2 to 20 membered or 2 to 6 membered) heteroalkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., C₃-C₈ or C₅-C₇) cycloalkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., 3 to 8 membered or 3 to 6 membered) heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., C₅-C₁₀ or C₅-C₆) aryl, or unsubstituted (e.g., 5 to 10 membered or 5 to 6 membered) heteroaryl. In embodiments, R¹³ is R^(13A)-substituted (e.g., C₁-C₂₀ or C₁-C₆) alkyl, R^(13A)-substituted (e.g., 2 to 20 membered or 2 to 6 membered) heteroalkyl, R^(13A)-substituted (e.g., C₃-C₈ or C₅-C₇) cycloalkyl, R^(13A)-substituted (e.g., 3 to 8 membered or 3 to 6 membered) heterocycloalkyl, R^(13A)-substituted (e.g., C₅-C₁₀ or C₅-C₆) aryl, or R^(13A)-substituted (e.g., 5 to 10 membered or 5 to 6 membered) heteroaryl. R^(13A) may be independently hydrogen, halogen, ═O, ═S, —CF₃, —CN, —CCl₃, —COOH, —CH₂COOH, —CONH₂, —OH, —SH, —SO₂Cl, —SO₃H, —SO₄H, —SO₂NH₂, —NO₂, —NH₂, —NHNH₂, —ONH₂, —NHC═(O)NHNH₂, unsubstituted (e.g., C₁-C₂₀ or C₁-C₆) alkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., 2 to 20 membered or 2 to 6 membered) heteroalkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., C₃-C₈ or C₅-C₇) cycloalkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., 3 to 8 membered or 3 to 6 membered) heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., C₅-C₁₀ or C₅-C₆) aryl, or unsubstituted (e.g., 5 to 10 membered or 5 to 6 membered) heteroaryl.

In embodiments, R¹⁴ is hydrogen, halogen, ═O, ═S, —CF₃, —CN, —CCl₃, —COOH, —CH₂COOH, —COCH₃, —CONH₂, —OH, —OC(O)CH₃, —SH, —SO₂Cl, —SO₃H, —SO₄H, —SO₂NH₂, —NO₂, —NH₂, —NHNH₂, —ONH₂ or —NHC═(O)NHNH₂. In embodiments, R¹⁴ is unsubstituted (e.g., C₁-C₂₀ or C₁-C₆) alkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., 2 to 20 membered or 2 to 6 membered) heteroalkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., C₃-C₈ or C₅-C₇) cycloalkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., 3 to 8 membered or 3 to 6 membered) heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., C₅-C₁₀ or C₅-C₆) aryl, or unsubstituted (e.g., 5 to 10 membered or 5 to 6 membered) heteroaryl. In embodiments, R¹⁴ is R^(14A)-substituted (e.g., C₁-C₂₀ or C₁-C₆) alkyl, R^(14A)-substituted (e.g., 2 to 20 membered or 2 to 6 membered) heteroalkyl, R^(14A)-substituted (e.g., C₃-C₈ or C₅-C₇) cycloalkyl, R^(14A)-substituted (e.g., 3 to 8 membered or 3 to 6 membered) heterocycloalkyl, R^(14A)-substituted (e.g., C₅-C₁₀ or C₅-C₆) aryl, or R^(14A)-substituted (e.g., 5 to 10 membered or 5 to 6 membered) heteroaryl. R^(14A) may be independently hydrogen, halogen, ═O, ═S, —CF₃, —CN, —CCl₃, —COOH, —CH₂COOH, —CONH₂, —OH, —SH, —SO₂Cl, —SO₃H, —SO₄H, —SO₂NH₂, —NO₂, —NH₂, —NHNH₂, —ONH₂, —NHC═(O)NHNH₂, unsubstituted (e.g., C₁-C₂₀ or C₁-C₆) alkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., 2 to 20 membered or 2 to 6 membered) heteroalkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., C₃-C₈ or C₅-C₇) cycloalkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., 3 to 8 membered or 3 to 6 membered) heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., C₅-C₁₀ or C₅-C₆) aryl, or unsubstituted (e.g., 5 to 10 membered or 5 to 6 membered) heteroaryl.

In embodiments, R¹⁵ is hydrogen, halogen, ═O, ═S, —CF₃, —CN, —CCl₃, —COOH, —CH₂COOH, —COCH₃, —CONH₂, —OH, —OC(O)CH₃, —SH, —SO₂Cl, —SO₃H, —SO₄H, —SO₂NH₂, —NO₂, —NH₂, —NHNH₂, —ONH₂ or —NHC═(O)NHNH₂. In embodiments, R¹⁵ is unsubstituted (e.g., C₁-C₂₀ or C₁-C₆) alkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., 2 to 20 membered or 2 to 6 membered) heteroalkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., C₃-C₈ or C₅-C₇) cycloalkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., 3 to 8 membered or 3 to 6 membered) heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., C₅-C₁₀ or C₅-C₆) aryl, or unsubstituted (e.g., 5 to 10 membered or 5 to 6 membered) heteroaryl. In embodiments, R¹⁵ is R^(15A)-substituted (e.g., C₁-C₂₀ or C₁-C₆) alkyl, R^(15A)-substituted (e.g., 2 to 20 membered or 2 to 6 membered) heteroalkyl, R^(15A)-substituted (e.g., C₃-C₈ or C₅-C₇) cycloalkyl, R^(15A)-substituted (e.g., 3 to 8 membered or 3 to 6 membered) heterocycloalkyl, R^(15A)-substituted (e.g., C₅-C₁₀ or C₅-C₆) aryl, or R^(15A)-substituted (e.g., 5 to 10 membered or 5 to 6 membered) heteroaryl. R^(15A) may be independently hydrogen, halogen, ═O, ═S, —CF₃, —CN, —CCl₃, —COOH, —CH₂COOH, —CONH₂, —OH, —SH, —SO₂Cl, —SO₃H, —SO₄H, —SO₂NH₂, —NO₂, —NH₂, —NHNH₂, —ONH₂, —NHC═(O)NHNH₂, unsubstituted (e.g., C₁-C₂₀ or C₁-C₆) alkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., 2 to 20 membered or 2 to 6 membered) heteroalkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., C₃-C₈ or C₅-C₇) cycloalkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., 3 to 8 membered or 3 to 6 membered) heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., C₅-C₁₀ or C₅-C₆) aryl, or unsubstituted (e.g., 5 to 10 membered or 5 to 6 membered) heteroaryl.

In embodiments, R¹⁶ is hydrogen, halogen, ═O, ═S, —CF₃, —CN, —CCl₃, —COOH, —CH₂COOH, —COCH₃, —CONH₂, —OH, —OC(O)CH₃, —SH, —SO₂Cl, —SO₃H, —SO₄H, —SO₂NH₂, —NO₂, —NH₂, —NHNH₂, —ONH₂ or —NHC═(O)NHNH₂. In embodiments, R¹⁶ is unsubstituted (e.g., C₁-C₂₀ or C₁-C₆) alkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., 2 to 20 membered or 2 to 6 membered) heteroalkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., C₃-C₈ or C₅-C₇) cycloalkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., 3 to 8 membered or 3 to 6 membered) heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., C₅-C₁₀ or C₅-C₆) aryl, or unsubstituted (e.g., 5 to 10 membered or 5 to 6 membered) heteroaryl. In embodiments, R¹⁶ is R^(16A)-substituted (e.g., C₁-C₂₀ or C₁-C₆) alkyl, R^(16A)-substituted (e.g., 2 to 20 membered or 2 to 6 membered) heteroalkyl, R^(16A)-substituted (e.g., C₃-C₈ or C₅-C₇) cycloalkyl, R^(16A)-substituted (e.g., 3 to 8 membered or 3 to 6 membered) heterocycloalkyl, R^(16A)-substituted (e.g., C₅-C₁₀ or C₅-C₆) aryl, or R^(16A)-substituted (e.g., 5 to 10 membered or 5 to 6 membered) heteroaryl. R^(16A) may be independently hydrogen, halogen, ═O, ═S, —CF₃, —CN, —CCl₃, —COOH, —CH₂COOH, —CONH₂, —OH, —SH, —SO₂Cl, —SO₃H, —SO₄H, —SO₂NH₂, —NO₂, —NH₂, —NHNH₂, —ONH₂, —NHC═(O)NHNH₂, unsubstituted (e.g., C₁-C₂₀ or C₁-C₆) alkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., 2 to 20 membered or 2 to 6 membered) heteroalkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., C₃-C₈ or C₅-C₇) cycloalkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., 3 to 8 membered or 3 to 6 membered) heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., C₅-C₁₀ or C₅-C₆) aryl, or unsubstituted (e.g., 5 to 10 membered or 5 to 6 membered) heteroaryl.

In embodiments, R¹⁷ is hydrogen, halogen, ═O, ═S, —CF₃, —CN, —CCl₃, —COOH, —CH₂COOH, —COCH₃, —CONH₂, —OH, —OC(O)CH₃, —SH, —SO₂Cl, —SO₃H, —SO₄H, —SO₂NH₂, —NO₂, —NH₂, —NHNH₂, —ONH₂ or —NHC═(O)NHNH₂. In embodiments, R¹⁷ is unsubstituted (e.g., C₁-C₂₀ or C₁-C₆) alkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., 2 to 20 membered or 2 to 6 membered) heteroalkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., C₃-C₈ or C₅-C₇) cycloalkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., 3 to 8 membered or 3 to 6 membered) heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., C₅-C₁₀ or C₅-C₆) aryl, or unsubstituted (e.g., 5 to 10 membered or 5 to 6 membered) heteroaryl. In embodiments, R¹⁷ is R^(17A)-substituted (e.g., C₁-C₂₀ or C₁-C₆) alkyl, R^(17A)-substituted (e.g., 2 to 20 membered or 2 to 6 membered) heteroalkyl, R^(17A)-substituted (e.g., C₃-C₈ or C₅-C₇) cycloalkyl, R^(17A)-substituted (e.g., 3 to 8 membered or 3 to 6 membered) heterocycloalkyl, R^(17A)-substituted (e.g., C₅-C₁₀ or C₅-C₆) aryl, or R^(17A)-substituted (e.g., 5 to 10 membered or 5 to 6 membered) heteroaryl. R^(17A) may be independently hydrogen, halogen, ═O, ═S, —CF₃, —CN, —CCl₃, —COOH, —CH₂COOH, —CONH₂, —OH, —SH, —SO₂Cl, —SO₃H, —SO₄H, —SO₂NH₂, —NO₂, —NH₂, —NHNH₂, —ONH₂, —NHC═(O)NHNH₂, unsubstituted (e.g., C₁-C₂₀ or C₁-C₆) alkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., 2 to 20 membered or 2 to 6 membered) heteroalkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., C₃-C₈ or C₅-C₇) cycloalkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., 3 to 8 membered or 3 to 6 membered) heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., C₅-C₁₀ or C₅-C₆) aryl, or unsubstituted (e.g., 5 to 10 membered or 5 to 6 membered) heteroaryl.

In embodiments, R¹⁸ is hydrogen, halogen, ═O, ═S, —CF₃, —CN, —CCl₃, —COOH, —CH₂COOH, —COCH₃, —CONH₂, —OH, —OC(O)CH₃, —SH, —SO₂Cl, —SO₃H, —SO₄H, —SO₂NH₂, —NO₂, —NH₂, —NHNH₂, —ONH₂ or —NHC═(O)NHNH₂. In embodiments, R¹⁸ is unsubstituted (e.g., C₁-C₂₀ or C₁-C₆) alkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., 2 to 20 membered or 2 to 6 membered) heteroalkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., C₃-C₈ or C₅-C₇) cycloalkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., 3 to 8 membered or 3 to 6 membered) heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., C₅-C₁₀ or C₅-C₆) aryl, or unsubstituted (e.g., 5 to 10 membered or 5 to 6 membered) heteroaryl. In embodiments, R¹⁸ is R^(18A)-substituted (e.g., C₁-C₂₀ or C₁-C₆) alkyl, R^(18A)-substituted (e.g., 2 to 20 membered or 2 to 6 membered) heteroalkyl, R^(18A)-substituted (e.g., C₃-C₈ or C₅-C₇) cycloalkyl, R^(18A)-substituted (e.g., 3 to 8 membered or 3 to 6 membered) heterocycloalkyl, R^(18A)-substituted (e.g., C₅-C₁₀ or C₅-C₆) aryl, or R^(18A)-substituted (e.g., 5 to 10 membered or 5 to 6 membered) heteroaryl. R^(18A) may be independently hydrogen, halogen, ═O, ═S, —CF₃, —CN, —CCl₃, —COOH, —CH₂COOH, —CONH₂, —OH, —SH, —SO₂Cl, —SO₃H, —SO₄H, —SO₂NH₂, —NO₂, —NH₂, —NHNH₂, —ONH₂, —NHC═(O)NHNH₂, unsubstituted (e.g., C₁-C₂₀ or C₁-C₆) alkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., 2 to 20 membered or 2 to 6 membered) heteroalkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., C₃-C₈ or C₅-C₇) cycloalkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., 3 to 8 membered or 3 to 6 membered) heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., C₅-C₁₀ or C₅-C₆) aryl, or unsubstituted (e.g., 5 to 10 membered or 5 to 6 membered) heteroaryl.

In embodiments, R¹⁹ is hydrogen, halogen, ═O, ═S, —CF₃, —CN, —CCl₃, —COOH, —CH₂COOH, —COCH₃, —CONH₂, —OH, —OC(O)CH₃, —SH, —SO₂Cl, —SO₃H, —SO₄H, —SO₂NH₂, —NO₂, —NH₂, —NHNH₂, —ONH₂ or —NHC═(O)NHNH₂. In embodiments, R¹⁹ is unsubstituted (e.g., C₁-C₂₀ or C₁-C₆) alkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., 2 to 20 membered or 2 to 6 membered) heteroalkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., C₃-C₈ or C₅-C₇) cycloalkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., 3 to 8 membered or 3 to 6 membered) heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., C₅-C₁₀ or C₅-C₆) aryl, or unsubstituted (e.g., 5 to 10 membered or 5 to 6 membered) heteroaryl. In embodiments, R¹⁹ is R^(19A)-substituted (e.g., C₁-C₂₀ or C₁-C₆) alkyl, R^(19A)-substituted (e.g., 2 to 20 membered or 2 to 6 membered) heteroalkyl, R^(19A)-substituted (e.g., C₃-C₈ or C₅-C₇) cycloalkyl, R^(19A)-substituted (e.g., 3 to 8 membered or 3 to 6 membered) heterocycloalkyl, R^(19A)-substituted (e.g., C₅-C₁₀ or C₅-C₆) aryl, or R^(19A)-substituted (e.g., 5 to 10 membered or 5 to 6 membered) heteroaryl. R^(19A) may be independently hydrogen, halogen, ═O, ═S, —CF₃, —CN, —CCl₃, —COOH, —CH₂COOH, —CONH₂, —OH, —SH, —SO₂Cl, —SO₃H, —SO₄H, —SO₂NH₂, —NO₂, —NH₂, —NHNH₂, —ONH₂, —NHC═(O)NHNH₂, unsubstituted (e.g., C₁-C₂₀ or C₁-C₆) alkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., 2 to 20 membered or 2 to 6 membered) heteroalkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., C₃-C₈ or C₅-C₇) cycloalkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., 3 to 8 membered or 3 to 6 membered) heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., C₅-C₁₀ or C₅-C₆) aryl, or unsubstituted (e.g., 5 to 10 membered or 5 to 6 membered) heteroaryl.

In embodiments, R²⁰ is hydrogen, halogen, ═O, ═S, —CF₃, —CN, —CCl₃, —COOH, —CH₂COOH, —COCH₃, —CONH₂, —OH, —OC(O)CH₃, —SH, —SO₂Cl, —SO₃H, —SO₄H, —SO₂NH₂, —NO₂, —NH₂, —NHNH₂, —ONH₂ or —NHC═(O)NHNH₂. In embodiments, R²⁰ is unsubstituted (e.g., C₁-C₂₀ or C₁-C₆) alkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., 2 to 20 membered or 2 to 6 membered) heteroalkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., C₃-C₈ or C₅-C₇) cycloalkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., 3 to 8 membered or 3 to 6 membered) heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., C₅-C₁₀ or C₅-C₆) aryl, or unsubstituted (e.g., 5 to 10 membered or 5 to 6 membered) heteroaryl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is R^(20A)-substituted (e.g., C₁-C₂₀ or C₁-C₆) alkyl, R^(20A)-substituted (e.g., 2 to 20 membered or 2 to 6 membered) heteroalkyl, R^(20A)-substituted (e.g., C₃-C₈ or C₅-C₇) cycloalkyl, R^(20A)-substituted (e.g., 3 to 8 membered or 3 to 6 membered) heterocycloalkyl, R^(20A)-substituted (e.g., C₅-C₁₀ or C₅-C₆) aryl, or R^(20A)-substituted (e.g., 5 to 10 membered or 5 to 6 membered) heteroaryl. R^(20A) may be independently hydrogen, halogen, ═O, ═S, —CF₃, —CN, —CCl₃, —COOH, —CH₂COOH, —CONH₂, —OH, —SH, —SO₂Cl, —SO₃H, —SO₄H, —SO₂NH₂, —NO₂, —NH₂, —NHNH₂, —ONH₂, —NHC═(O)NHNH₂, unsubstituted (e.g., C₁-C₂₀ or C₁-C₆) alkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., 2 to 20 membered or 2 to 6 membered) heteroalkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., C₃-C₈ or C₅-C₇) cycloalkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., 3 to 8 membered or 3 to 6 membered) heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., C₅-C₁₀ or C₅-C₆) aryl, or unsubstituted (e.g., 5 to 10 membered or 5 to 6 membered) heteroaryl.

In embodiments, R²¹ is hydrogen, halogen, ═O, ═S, —CF₃, —CN, —CCl₃, —COOH, —CH₂COOH, —COCH₃, —CONH₂, —OH, —OC(O)CH₃, —SH, —SO₂Cl, —SO₃H, —SO₄H, —SO₂NH₂, —NO₂, —NH₂, —NHNH₂, —ONH₂ or —NHC═(O)NHNH₂. In embodiments, R²¹ is unsubstituted (e.g., C₁-C₂₀ or C₁-C₆) alkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., 2 to 20 membered or 2 to 6 membered) heteroalkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., C₃-C₈ or C₅-C₇) cycloalkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., 3 to 8 membered or 3 to 6 membered) heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., C₅-C₁₀ or C₅-C₆) aryl, or unsubstituted (e.g., 5 to 10 membered or 5 to 6 membered) heteroaryl. In embodiments, R²¹ is R^(21A)-substituted (e.g., C₁-C₂₀ or C₁-C₆) alkyl, R^(21A)-substituted (e.g., 2 to 20 membered or 2 to 6 membered) heteroalkyl, R^(21A)-substituted (e.g., C₃-C₈ or C₅-C₇) cycloalkyl, R^(21A)-substituted (e.g., 3 to 8 membered or 3 to 6 membered) heterocycloalkyl, R^(21A)-substituted (e.g., C₅-C₁₀ or C₅-C₆) aryl, or R^(21A)-substituted (e.g., 5 to 10 membered or 5 to 6 membered) heteroaryl. R^(21A) may be independently hydrogen, halogen, ═O, ═S, —CF₃, —CN, —CCl₃, —COOH, —CH₂COOH, —CONH₂, —OH, —SH, —SO₂Cl, —SO₃H, —SO₄H, —SO₂NH₂, —NO₂, —NH₂, —NHNH₂, —ONH₂, —NHC═(O)NHNH₂, unsubstituted (e.g., C₁-C₂₀ or C₁-C₆) alkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., 2 to 20 membered or 2 to 6 membered) heteroalkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., C₃-C₈ or C₅-C₇) cycloalkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., 3 to 8 membered or 3 to 6 membered) heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., C₅-C₁₀ or C₅-C₆) aryl, or unsubstituted (e.g., 5 to 10 membered or 5 to 6 membered) heteroaryl.

In embodiments, R²² is hydrogen, halogen, ═O, ═S, —CF₃, —CN, —CCl₃, —COOH, —CH₂COOH, —COCH₃, —CONH₂, —OH, —OC(O)CH₃, —SH, —SO₂Cl, —SO₃H, —SO₄H, —SO₂NH₂, —NO₂, —NH₂, —NHNH₂, —ONH₂ or —NHC═(O)NHNH₂. In embodiments, R²² is unsubstituted (e.g., C₁-C₂₀ or C₁-C₆) alkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., 2 to 20 membered or 2 to 6 membered) heteroalkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., C₃-C₈ or C₅-C₇) cycloalkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., 3 to 8 membered or 3 to 6 membered) heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., C₅-C₁₀ or C₅-C₆) aryl, or unsubstituted (e.g., 5 to 10 membered or 5 to 6 membered) heteroaryl. In embodiments, R²² is R^(22A)-substituted (e.g., C₁-C₂₀ or C₁-C₆) alkyl, R^(22A)-substituted (e.g., 2 to 20 membered or 2 to 6 membered) heteroalkyl, R^(22A)-substituted (e.g., C₃-C₈ or C₅-C₇) cycloalkyl, R^(22A)-substituted (e.g., 3 to 8 membered or 3 to 6 membered) heterocycloalkyl, R^(22A)-substituted (e.g., C₅-C₁₀ or C₅-C₆) aryl, or R^(22A)-substituted (e.g., 5 to 10 membered or 5 to 6 membered) heteroaryl. R^(22A) may be independently hydrogen, halogen, ═O, ═S, —CF₃, —CN, —CCl₃, —COOH, —CH₂COOH, —CONH₂, —OH, —SH, —SO₂Cl, —SO₃H, —SO₄H, —SO₂NH₂, —NO₂, —NH₂, —NHNH₂, —ONH₂, —NHC═(O)NHNH₂, unsubstituted (e.g., C₁-C₂₀ or C₁-C₆) alkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., 2 to 20 membered or 2 to 6 membered) heteroalkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., C₃-C₈ or C₅-C₇) cycloalkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., 3 to 8 membered or 3 to 6 membered) heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted (e.g., C₅-C₁₀ or C₅-C₆) aryl, or unsubstituted (e.g., 5 to 10 membered or 5 to 6 membered) heteroaryl.

X^(a), X^(b), X^(c), X^(d), X^(e), X^(f) and X^(g) are independently —F, —Cl, —Br, or —I.

n₁, n₂, n₃, n₄, n₅, n₆ and n₇ are independently an integer from 0 to 4.

m₁, m₂, m₃, m₄, m₅, m₆ and m₇ are independently an integer from 1 to 2.

v₁, v₂, v₃, v₄, v₅, V₆ and v₇ are independently an integer from 1 to 2.

Further regarding the compound with structure of formula (I), if R¹, R², and R³ are independently hydrogen, —Cl, —F, —OCH₃, or —CF₃, then -L¹-R⁶ is not —CH₂pyridyl, -benzyl, —CH₂-difluorophenyl, —CH₂-cyclopropyl, —CH₂-4-(CH₂NHC(O)-tbutyl)phenyl, —CH₂-5-nitrofuranyl, —CH₂CH₂-5-nitrofuranyl, —CH₂-2-(5-CF₃)furanyl, —CH₂-fluorophenyl, —CH₂-chlorophenyl, —CH₂-nitrophenyl, —CH₂-cyanophenyl, —CH(CH₃)C(O)Ph, —CH₂-(methyl)phenyl, —CH₂-trifluoromethylphenyl, —CH₂-trifluoromethoxyphenyl, —CH₂-difluoromethoxyphenyl, —CH₂-3-(2-CO₂CH₃)thienyl, —CH₂-3-(2-bromo)thienyl, —CH₂-3-isoxazolyl, —CH₂-5-isoxazolyl, —CH₂-5-(3-phenyl)isoxazolyl, —CH₂-3-(2-bromo)pyridyl, —CH₂-3-thienyl, —CH₂-2-(5-CO₂CH₂CH₃)furanyl, —CH₂-4-(2-methyl)thiazolyl, —CH₂-2-(5-CO₂CH₃)furanyl, —CH₂-5-(3-methyl)isoxazolyl, or —CH₂—CH(CH₃)phenyl.

Further regarding the compound with structure of formula (I), if R¹, R², and R³ are independently hydrogen, —Cl, —F, —OCH₃, or —CF₃, then -L¹-R⁶ is not —CH₂pyridyl.

Further regarding the compound with structure of formula (I), if R¹, R², and R³ are independently hydrogen, —Cl, —F, —OCH₃, or —CF₃, then -L¹-R⁶ is not -benzyl.

Further regarding the compound with structure of formula (I), if R¹, R², and R³ are independently hydrogen, —Cl, —F, —OCH₃, or —CF₃, then -L¹-R⁶ is not —CH₂-difluorophenyl.

Further regarding the compound with structure of formula (I), if R¹, R², and R³ are independently hydrogen, —Cl, —F, —OCH₃, or —CF₃, then -L¹-R⁶ is not —CH₂-cyclopropyl.

Further regarding the compound with structure of formula (I), if R¹, R², and R³ are independently hydrogen, —Cl, —F, —OCH₃, or —CF₃, then -L¹-R⁶ is not —CH₂-4-(CH₂NHC(O)-tbutyl)phenyl.

Further regarding the compound with structure of formula (I), if R¹, R², and R³ are independently hydrogen, —Cl, —F, —OCH₃, or —CF₃, then -L¹-R⁶ is not —CH₂-5-nitrofuranyl.

Further regarding the compound with structure of formula (I), if R¹, R², and R³ are independently hydrogen, —Cl, —F, —OCH₃, or —CF₃, then -L¹-R⁶ is not —CH₂CH₂-5-nitrofuranyl.

Further regarding the compound with structure of formula (I), if R¹, R², and R³ are independently hydrogen, —Cl, —F, —OCH₃, or —CF₃, then -L¹-R⁶ is not —CH₂-2-(5-CF₃)furanyl.

Further regarding the compound with structure of formula (I), if R¹, R², and R³ are independently hydrogen, —Cl, —F, —OCH₃, or —CF₃, then -L¹-R⁶ is not —CH₂-fluorophenyl.

Further regarding the compound with structure of formula (I), if R¹, R², and R³ are independently hydrogen, —Cl, —F, —OCH₃, or —CF₃, then -L¹-R⁶ is not —CH₂-chlorophenyl.

Further regarding the compound with structure of formula (I), if R¹, R², and R³ are independently hydrogen, —Cl, —F, —OCH₃, or —CF₃, then -L¹-R⁶ is not —CH₂-nitrophenyl.

Further regarding the compound with structure of formula (I), if R¹, R², and R³ are independently hydrogen, —Cl, —F, —OCH₃, or —CF₃, then -L¹-R⁶ is not —CH₂-cyanophenyl.

Further regarding the compound with structure of formula (I), if R¹, R², and R³ are independently hydrogen, —Cl, —F, —OCH₃, or —CF₃, then -L¹-R⁶ is not —CH(CH₃)C(O)Ph.

Further regarding the compound with structure of formula (I), if R¹, R², and R³ are independently hydrogen, —Cl, —F, —OCH₃, or —CF₃, then -L¹-R⁶ is not —CH₂-(methyl)phenyl.

Further regarding the compound with structure of formula (I), if R¹, R², and R³ are independently hydrogen, —Cl, —F, —OCH₃, or —CF₃, then -L¹-R⁶ is not —CH₂-trifluoromethylphenyl.

Further regarding the compound with structure of formula (I), if R¹, R², and R³ are independently hydrogen, —Cl, —F, —OCH₃, or —CF₃, then -L¹-R⁶ is not —CH₂-trifluoromethoxyphenyl.

Further regarding the compound with structure of formula (I), if R¹, R², and R³ are independently hydrogen, —Cl, —F, —OCH₃, or —CF₃, then -L¹-R⁶ is not —CH₂-difluoromethoxyphenyl.

Further regarding the compound with structure of formula (I), if R¹, R², and R³ are independently hydrogen, —Cl, —F, —OCH₃, or —CF₃, then -L¹-R⁶ is not —CH₂-3-(2-CO₂CH₃)thienyl.

Further regarding the compound with structure of formula (I), if R¹, R², and R³ are independently hydrogen, —Cl, —F, —OCH₃, or —CF₃, then -L¹-R⁶ is not —CH₂-3-(2-bromo)thienyl.

Further regarding the compound with structure of formula (I), if R¹, R², and R³ are independently hydrogen, —Cl, —F, —OCH₃, or —CF₃, then -L¹-R⁶ is not —CH₂-3-isoxazolyl.

Further regarding the compound with structure of formula (I), if R¹, R², and R³ are independently hydrogen, —Cl, —F, —OCH₃, or —CF₃, then -L¹-R⁶ is not —CH₂-5-isoxazolyl.

Further regarding the compound with structure of formula (I), if R¹, R², and R³ are independently hydrogen, —Cl, —F, —OCH₃, or —CF₃, then -L¹-R⁶ is not —CH₂-5-(3-phenyl)isoxazolyl.

Further regarding the compound with structure of formula (I), if R¹, R², and R³ are independently hydrogen, —Cl, —F, —OCH₃, or —CF₃, then -L¹-R⁶⁶ is not —CH₂-3-(2-bromo)pyridyl.

Further regarding the compound with structure of formula (I), if R¹, R², and R³ are independently hydrogen, —Cl, —F, —OCH₃, or —CF₃, then -L¹-R⁶ is not —CH₂-3-thienyl.

Further regarding the compound with structure of formula (I), if R¹, R², and R³ are independently hydrogen, —Cl, —F, —OCH₃, or —CF₃, then -L¹-R⁶ is not —CH₂-2-(5-CO₂CH₂CH₃)furanyl.

Further regarding the compound with structure of formula (I), if R¹, R², and R³ are independently hydrogen, —Cl, —F, —OCH₃, or —CF₃, then -L¹-R⁶ is not —CH₂-4-(2-methyl)thiazolyl.

Further regarding the compound with structure of formula (I), if R¹, R², and R³ are independently hydrogen, —Cl, —F, —OCH₃, or —CF₃, then -L¹-R⁶ is not —CH₂-2-(5-CO₂CH₃)furanyl.

Further regarding the compound with structure of formula (I), if R¹, R², and R³ are independently hydrogen, —Cl, —F, —OCH₃, or —CF₃, then -L¹-R⁶ is not —CH₂-5-(3-methyl)isoxazolyl.

Further regarding the compound with structure of formula (I), if R¹, R², and R³ are independently hydrogen, —Cl, —F, —OCH₃, or —CF₃, then -L¹-R⁶ is not —CH₂—CH(CH₃)phenyl.

Further regarding the compound with structure of formula (I), if R¹, R², and R³ are independently hydrogen, —Cl, —F, —OCH₃, or —CF₃, then R⁶ is not —CH₂pyridyl, -benzyl, —CH₂-difluorophenyl, —CH₂-cyclopropyl, —CH₂-4-(CH₂NHC(O)-tbutyl)phenyl, —CH₂-5-nitrofuranyl, —CH₂CH₂-5-nitrofuranyl, —CH₂-2-(5-CF₃)furanyl, —CH₂-fluorophenyl, —CH₂-chlorophenyl, —CH₂-nitrophenyl, —CH₂-cyanophenyl, —CH(CH₃)C(O)Ph, —CH₂-(methyl)phenyl, —CH₂-trifluoromethylphenyl, —CH₂-trifluoromethoxyphenyl, —CH₂-difluoromethoxyphenyl, —CH₂-3-(2-CO₂CH₃)thienyl, —CH₂-3-(2-bromo)thienyl, —CH₂-3-isoxazolyl, —CH₂-5-isoxazolyl, —CH₂-5-(3-phenyl)isoxazolyl, —CH₂-3-(2-bromo)pyridyl, —CH₂-3-thienyl, —CH₂-2-(5-CO₂CH₂CH₃)furanyl, —CH₂-4-(2-methyl)thiazolyl, —CH₂-2-(5-CO₂CH₃)furanyl, —CH₂-5-(3-methyl)isoxazolyl, or —CH₂—CH(CH₃)phenyl.

Further regarding the compound with structure of formula (I), if R¹, R², and R³ are independently hydrogen, —Cl, —F, —OCH₃, or —CF₃, then R⁶ is not —CH₂pyridyl.

Further regarding the compound with structure of formula (I), if R¹, R², and R³ are independently hydrogen, —Cl, —F, —OCH₃, or —CF₃, then R⁶ is not -benzyl.

Further regarding the compound with structure of formula (I), if R¹, R², and R³ are independently hydrogen, —Cl, —F, —OCH₃, or —CF₃, then R⁶ is not —CH₂-difluorophenyl.

Further regarding the compound with structure of formula (I), if R¹, R², and R³ are independently hydrogen, —Cl, —F, —OCH₃, or —CF₃, then R⁶ is not —CH₂-cyclopropyl.

Further regarding the compound with structure of formula (I), if R¹, R², and R³ are independently hydrogen, —Cl, —F, —OCH₃, or —CF₃, then R⁶ is not —CH₂-4-(CH₂NHC(O)-tbutyl)phenyl.

Further regarding the compound with structure of formula (I), if R¹, R², and R³ are independently hydrogen, —Cl, —F, —OCH₃, or —CF₃, then R⁶ is not —CH₂-5-nitrofuranyl.

Further regarding the compound with structure of formula (I), if R¹, R², and R³ are independently hydrogen, —Cl, —F, —OCH₃, or —CF₃, then R⁶ is not —CH₂CH₂-5-nitrofuranyl.

Further regarding the compound with structure of formula (I), if R¹, R², and R³ are independently hydrogen, —Cl, —F, —OCH₃, or —CF₃, then R⁶ is not —CH₂-2-(5-CF₃)furanyl.

Further regarding the compound with structure of formula (I), if R¹, R², and R³ are independently hydrogen, —Cl, —F, —OCH₃, or —CF₃, then R⁶ is not —CH₂-fluorophenyl.

Further regarding the compound with structure of formula (I), if R¹, R², and R³ are independently hydrogen, —Cl, —F, —OCH₃, or —CF₃, then R⁶ is not —CH₂-chlorophenyl.

Further regarding the compound with structure of formula (I), if R¹, R², and R³ are independently hydrogen, —Cl, —F, —OCH₃, or —CF₃, then R⁶ is not —CH₂-nitrophenyl.

Further regarding the compound with structure of formula (I), if R¹, R², and R³ are independently hydrogen, —Cl, —F, —OCH₃, or —CF₃, then R⁶ is not —CH₂-cyanophenyl.

Further regarding the compound with structure of formula (I), if R¹, R², and R³ are independently hydrogen, —Cl, —F, —OCH₃, or —CF₃, then R⁶ is not —CH(CH₃)C(O)Ph.

Further regarding the compound with structure of formula (I), if R¹, R², and R³ are independently hydrogen, —Cl, —F, —OCH₃, or —CF₃, then R⁶ is not —CH₂-(methyl)phenyl.

Further regarding the compound with structure of formula (I), if R¹, R², and R³ are independently hydrogen, —Cl, —F, —OCH₃, or —CF₃, then R⁶ is not —CH₂-trifluoromethylphenyl.

Further regarding the compound with structure of formula (I), if R¹, R², and R³ are independently hydrogen, —Cl, —F, —OCH₃, or —CF₃, then R⁶ is not —CH₂-trifluoromethoxyphenyl.

Further regarding the compound with structure of formula (I), if R¹, R², and R³ are independently hydrogen, —Cl, —F, —OCH₃, or —CF₃, then R⁶ is not —CH₂-difluoromethoxyphenyl.

Further regarding the compound with structure of formula (I), if R¹, R², and R³ are independently hydrogen, —Cl, —F, —OCH₃, or —CF₃, then R⁶ is not —CH₂-3-(2-CO₂CH₃)thienyl.

Further regarding the compound with structure of formula (I), if R¹, R², and R³ are independently hydrogen, —Cl, —F, —OCH₃, or —CF₃, then R⁶ is not —CH₂-3-(2-bromo)thienyl.

Further regarding the compound with structure of formula (I), if R¹, R², and R³ are independently hydrogen, —Cl, —F, —OCH₃, or —CF₃, then R⁶ is not —CH₂-3-isoxazolyl.

Further regarding the compound with structure of formula (I), if R¹, R², and R³ are independently hydrogen, —Cl, —F, —OCH₃, or —CF₃, then R⁶ is not —CH₂-5-isoxazolyl.

Further regarding the compound with structure of formula (I), if R¹, R², and R³ are independently hydrogen, —Cl, —F, —OCH₃, or —CF₃, then R⁶ is not —CH₂-5-(3-phenyl)isoxazolyl.

Further regarding the compound with structure of formula (I), if R¹, R², and R³ are independently hydrogen, —Cl, —F, —OCH₃, or —CF₃, then R⁶ is not —CH₂-3-(2-bromo)pyridyl.

Further regarding the compound with structure of formula (I), if R¹, R², and R³ are independently hydrogen, —Cl, —F, —OCH₃, or —CF₃, then R⁶ is not —CH₂-3-thienyl.

Further regarding the compound with structure of formula (I), if R¹, R², and R³ are independently hydrogen, —Cl, —F, —OCH₃, or —CF₃, then R⁶ is not —CH₂-2-(5-CO₂CH₂CH₃)furanyl.

Further regarding the compound with structure of formula (I), if R¹, R², and R³ are independently hydrogen, —Cl, —F, —OCH₃, or —CF₃, then R⁶ is not —CH₂-4-(2-methyl)thiazolyl.

Further regarding the compound with structure of formula (I), if R¹, R², and R³ are independently hydrogen, —Cl, —F, —OCH₃, or —CF₃, then R⁶ is not —CH₂-2-(5-CO₂CH₃)furanyl.

Further regarding the compound with structure of formula (I), if R¹, R², and R³ are independently hydrogen, —Cl, —F, —OCH₃, or —CF₃, then R⁶ is not —CH₂-5-(3-methyl)isoxazolyl.

Further regarding the compound with structure of formula (I), if R¹, R², and R³ are independently hydrogen, —Cl, —F, —OCH₃, or —CF₃, then R⁶ is not —CH₂—CH(CH₃)phenyl.

In embodiments, if L¹ is —CH₂— and R⁶ is phenyl, then R^(6A) is not —F, —CF₃, —OCHF₂, —NO₂, —OCF₃, —CH₃, —CN, or —Cl. In embodiments, if L¹ is —CH₂— and R⁶ is phenyl, then R^(6A) is not halogen, —CX^(f) ₃, —OR¹⁹, or substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl, wherein X^(f) is halogen and R¹⁹ is substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl.

In embodiments, if L¹ is —CH₂— and R⁶ is R^(6A)-substituted 6-membered aryl, then R^(6A) is not halogen, —CX^(f) ₃, —OR¹⁹, or substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl, wherein X^(f) is halogen and R¹⁹ is substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl.

In embodiments, if L¹ is unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkylene and R⁶ is phenyl, then R^(6A) is not halogen, —CX^(f) ₃, —OR¹⁹, or substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl, wherein X^(f) is halogen and R¹⁹ is substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl.

In embodiments, if L¹ is unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkylene and R⁶ is R^(6A)-substituted 6-membered aryl, then R^(6A) is not halogen, —CX^(f) ₃, —OR¹⁹, or substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl, wherein X^(f) is halogen and R¹⁹ is substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl.

In embodiments, if L¹ is —CH₂— and R⁶ is furanyl, then R^(6A) is not —CF₃, —NO₂, —C(O)OCH₃ or —C(O)OCH₂CH₃

In embodiments, if L¹ is —CH₂— and R⁶ is furanyl, then R^(6A) is not —CX^(f) ₃, or —C(O)OR¹⁹ wherein X^(f) is halogen and R¹⁹ is substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl.

In embodiments, if L¹ is —CH₂— and R⁶ is R^(6A)-substituted 5-membered heteroaryl, then R^(6A) is not —CX^(f) ₃, or —C(O)OR¹⁹, wherein X^(f) is halogen and R¹⁹ is substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl.

In embodiments, if L¹ is unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkylene and R⁶ is furanyl, then R^(6A) is not —CX^(f) ₃, or —C(O)OR¹⁹, wherein X^(f) is halogen and R¹⁹ is substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl.

In embodiments, if L¹ is unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkylene and R⁶ is R^(6A)-substituted 5-membered heteroaryl, then R^(6A) is not —CX^(f) ₃, or —C(O)OR¹⁹, wherein X^(f) is halogen and R¹⁹ is substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl.

In embodiments, if L¹ is —CH₂— and R⁶ is thiophene, then R^(6A) is not —Br, —C(O)OCH₃, or —C(O)OCH₂CH₃.

In embodiments, if L¹ is —CH₂— and R⁶ is thiophene, then R^(6A) is not halogen or —C(O)OR¹⁹, wherein R¹⁹ is substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl.

In embodiments, if L¹ is —CH₂— and R⁶ is R^(6A)-substituted 5-membered heteroaryl, then R^(6A) is not halogen or —C(O)OR¹⁹, wherein R¹⁹ is substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl.

In embodiments, if L¹ is unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkylene and R⁶ is thiophene, then R^(6A) is not halogen or —C(O)OR¹⁹, wherein R¹⁹ is substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl.

In embodiments, if L¹ is unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkylene and R⁶ is R^(6A)-substituted 5-membered heteroaryl, then R^(6A) is not halogen or —C(O)OR¹⁹, wherein R¹⁹ is substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl.

In embodiments, if L¹ is —CH₂— and R⁶ is oxazolyl, then R^(6A) is not methyl or phenyl.

In embodiments, if L¹ is —CH₂— and R⁶ is oxazolyl, then R^(6A) is not substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl or substituted or substituted 6-membered aryl.

In embodiments, if L¹ is —CH₂— and R⁶ is R^(6A)-substituted 5-membered heteroaryl, then R^(6A) is not substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl or substituted or unsubstituted 6-membered aryl.

In embodiments, if L¹ is unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkylene and R⁶ is oxazolyl, then R^(6A) is not substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl or substituted or unsubstituted 6-membered aryl.

In embodiments, if L¹ is unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkylene and R⁶ is R^(6A)-substituted 5-membered heteroaryl, then R^(6A) is not substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl or substituted or unsubstituted 6-membered aryl.

In embodiments, if L¹ is —CH₂— and R⁶ is pyridyl, then R^(6A) is not —Br.

In embodiments, if L¹ is —CH₂— and R⁶ is pyridyl, then R^(6A) is not halogen.

In embodiments, if L¹ is —CH₂— and R⁶ is R^(6A)-substituted 6-membered heteroaryl, then R^(6A) is not halogen.

In embodiments, if L¹ is unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkylene and R⁶ is pyridyl, then R^(6A) is not halogen.

In embodiments, if L¹ is unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkylene and R⁶ is R^(6A)-substituted 6-membered heteroaryl, then R^(6A) is not halogen.

In embodiments, if L¹ is —CH₂— and R⁶ is thiazolyl, then R^(6A) is not —CH₃ or —C(O)OCH₃.

In embodiments, if L¹ is —CH₂— and R⁶ is thiazolyl, then R^(6A) is not substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl or —C(O)OR¹⁹, wherein R¹⁹ is substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl.

In embodiments, if L¹ is —CH₂— and R⁶ is R^(6A)-substituted 5-membered heteroaryl, then R^(6A) is not substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl or —C(O)OR¹⁹, wherein R¹⁹ is substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl.

In embodiments, if L¹ is unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkylene and R⁶ is thiazolyl, then R^(6A) is not substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl or —C(O)OR¹⁹, wherein R¹⁹ is substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl.

In embodiments, if L¹ is unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkylene and R⁶ is R^(6A)-substituted 5-membered heteroaryl, then R^(6A) is not substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl or —C(O)OR¹⁹, wherein R¹⁹ is substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl.

Further to the compound of formula (I), in embodiments R¹ is —Br, —SR⁹, —OR⁹, —NO₂, —CN, or substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl.

In embodiments, R¹ is —SR⁹ and R⁹ is substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl.

In embodiments, R¹ is —SR⁹ and R⁹ is substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl.

In embodiments, R¹ is —SR⁹ and R⁹ is unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl.

In embodiments, R¹ is —SR⁹ and R⁹ is methyl.

In embodiments, R¹ is —OR⁹ and R⁹ is substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀ alkyl. In embodiments, R¹ is —OR⁹ and R⁹ is substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₅ alkyl. In embodiments, R¹ is —OR⁹ and R⁹ is unsubstituted C₂-C₅ alkyl. In embodiments, R¹ is substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl. In embodiments, R¹ is unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl. In embodiments, R¹ is unsubstituted methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl or pentyl. In embodiments, R¹ is unsubstituted methyl. In embodiments, R¹ is unsubstituted ethyl. In embodiments, R¹ is unsubstituted propyl. In embodiments, R¹ is unsubstituted isopropyl. In embodiments, R¹ is unsubstituted butyl. In embodiments, R¹ is unsubstituted pentyl. In embodiments, R¹ is unsubstituted branched C₁-C₅ alkyl.

Further to the compound of formula (I), in embodiments R² is —Br, —SR¹¹, —OR¹¹, —NO₂, —CN, or substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl. In embodiments, R² is —SR¹¹ and R¹¹ is substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl. In embodiments, R² is —SR¹¹ and R¹¹ is substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl. In embodiments, R² is —SR¹¹ and R¹¹ is unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl. In embodiments, R² is —SR¹¹ and R¹¹ is methyl. In embodiments, R² is —OR¹¹ and R¹¹ is substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀ alkyl. In embodiments, R² is —OR¹¹ and R¹¹ is substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₅ alkyl. In embodiments, R² is —OR¹¹ and R¹¹ is unsubstituted C₂-C₅ alkyl. In embodiments, R² is substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl. In embodiments, R² is unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl. In embodiments, R² is unsubstituted branched C₁-C₅ alkyl. In embodiments, R² is unsubstituted methyl. In embodiments, R² is unsubstituted ethyl. In embodiments, R² is unsubstituted propyl. In embodiments, R² is unsubstituted isopropyl. In embodiments, R² is unsubstituted butyl. In embodiments, R² is unsubstituted pentyl.

Further to the compound of formula (I), in embodiments R³ is —Br, —SR¹³, —OR¹³, —NO₂, —CN, or substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl. In embodiments, R³ is —SR¹³ and R¹³ is substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl. In embodiments, R³ is —SR¹³ and R¹³ is substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl. In embodiments, R³ is —SR¹³ and R¹³ is unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl. In embodiments, R³ is —SR¹³ and R¹³ is methyl. In embodiments, R³ is —SR¹³ and R¹³ is ethyl. In embodiments, R³ is —SR¹³ and R¹³ is propyl. In embodiments, R³ is —SR¹³ and R¹³ is isopropyl. In embodiments, R³ is —SR¹³ and R¹³ is butyl. In embodiments, R³ is —SR¹³ and R¹³ is pentyl. In embodiments, R³ is —OR¹³ and R¹³ is substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀ alkyl. In embodiments, R³ is —OR¹³ and R¹³ is substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₅ alkyl. In embodiments, R³ is —OR¹³ and R¹³ is unsubstituted C₂-C₅ alkyl. In embodiments, R³ is substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl. In embodiments, R³ is unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl. In embodiments, R³ is unsubstituted branched C₁-C₅ alkyl. In embodiments, R³ is unsubstituted methyl. In embodiments, R³ is unsubstituted ethyl. In embodiments, R³ is unsubstituted propyl. In embodiments, R³ is unsubstituted isopropyl. In embodiments, R³ is unsubstituted butyl. In embodiments, R³ is unsubstituted pentyl.

Further to the compound of formula (I), in embodiments R⁸ is —Br, —CN, —SR¹⁵, —OR¹⁵, —NR¹⁵R¹⁶, or substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl. In embodiments, R⁸ is —SR¹⁵ and R¹⁵ is hydrogen or substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl. In embodiments, R⁸ is —SR¹⁵ and R¹⁵ is substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl. In embodiments, R⁸ is —SR¹⁵ and R¹⁵ is unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl. In embodiments, R⁸ is —SR¹⁵ and R¹⁵ is methyl. In embodiments, R⁸ is —SR¹⁵ and R¹⁵ is ethyl. In embodiments, R⁸ is —SR¹⁵ and R¹⁵ is propyl. In embodiments, R⁸ is —SR¹⁵ and R¹⁵ is isopropyl. In embodiments, R⁸ is —SR¹⁵ and R¹⁵ is butyl. In embodiments, R⁸ is —SR¹⁵ and R¹⁵ is pentyl. In embodiments, R⁸ is —OR¹⁵ and R¹⁵ is hydrogen or substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀ alkyl. In embodiments, R⁸ is —OR¹⁵ and R¹⁵ is substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₅ alkyl. In embodiments, R⁸ is —OR¹⁵ and R¹⁵ is unsubstituted C₂-C₅ alkyl. In embodiments, R⁸ is —OR¹⁵ and R¹⁵ is hydrogen, methyl, ethyl or isopropyl. In embodiments, R⁸ is —OR¹⁵ and R¹⁵ is hydrogen. In embodiments, R⁸ is —OR¹⁵ and R¹⁵ is methyl. In embodiments, R⁸ is —OR¹⁵ and R¹⁵ is ethyl. In embodiments, R⁸ is —OR¹⁵ and R¹⁵ is isopropyl. In embodiments, R⁸ is —NR¹⁵R¹⁶ and R¹⁵ and R¹⁶ are independently hydrogen, O or substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀ alkyl. In embodiments, R⁸ is —NR¹⁵R¹⁶ and R¹⁵ and R¹⁶ are independently hydrogen, O, methyl or ethyl. In embodiments, R⁸ is substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl. In embodiments, R⁸ is unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl. In embodiments, R⁸ is unsubstituted branched C₁-C₅ alkyl. In embodiments, R⁸ is unsubstituted methyl. In embodiments, R⁸ is unsubstituted ethyl. In embodiments, R⁸ is unsubstituted propyl. In embodiments, R⁸ is unsubstituted isopropyl. In embodiments, R⁸ is unsubstituted butyl. In embodiments, R⁸ is unsubstituted pentyl.

Further to the compound of formula (I), in embodiments R⁴ is substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl. In embodiments, R⁴ is substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl. In embodiments, R⁴ is unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl. In embodiments, R⁴ is methyl. In embodiments, R⁴ is ethyl. In embodiments, R⁴ is propyl. In embodiments, R⁴ is isopropyl. In embodiments, R⁴ is butyl. In embodiments, R⁴ is pentyl.

Further to the compound of formula (I), in embodiments R⁵ is halogen or substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl. In embodiments, R⁵ is halogen or unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl. In embodiments, R⁵ is halogen. In embodiments, R⁵ is unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl. In embodiments, R⁵ is unsubstituted methyl. In embodiments, R⁵ is unsubstituted ethyl. In embodiments, R⁵ is unsubstituted propyl. In embodiments, R⁵ is unsubstituted isopropyl. In embodiments, R⁵ is unsubstituted butyl. In embodiments, R⁵ is unsubstituted pentyl.

Further to the compound of formula (I), in embodiments R⁶ is R^(6A)-substituted heterocycloalkyl, R^(6A)-substituted aryl or R^(6A)-substituted heteroaryl. In embodiments, R⁶ is R^(6A)-substituted 5-6 membered heterocycloalkyl, R^(6A)-substituted C₅-C₆ aryl or R^(6A)-substituted 5 to 6 membered heteroaryl. In embodiments, R^(6A) is substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl. In embodiments, R^(6A) is substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl. In embodiments, R^(6A) is substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₃ alkyl. In embodiments, R^(6A) is substituted C₁-C₃ alkyl. In embodiments, R^(6A) is hydroxymethyl.

In embodiments, R⁶ is R^(6A)-substituted furanyl. In embodiments, R⁶ is R^(6A)-substituted thiophene. In embodiments, R⁶ is R^(6A)-substituted oxazolyl. In embodiments, R⁶ is R^(6A)-substituted pyridyl. In embodiments, R⁶ is R^(6A)-substituted thiazole. In embodiments, R⁶ is R^(6A)-substituted phenyl.

In embodiments, R^(6A) is —Br, —SR¹⁹, —SO_(n6)R¹⁹, —C(O)—OR¹⁹, —OR¹⁹, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl or substituted or unsubstituted aryl. In embodiments, R^(6A) is —SR¹⁹ and R¹⁹ is substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl. In embodiments, R^(6A) is —SR¹⁹ and R¹⁹ is methyl or ethyl. In embodiments R¹⁹ is substituted C₁-C₅ alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁹ is substituted C₁ alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁹ is trifluoromethyl. In embodiments, R^(6A) is —SO_(n6)R¹⁹, n₆ is 1 or 2 and R¹⁹ is substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁹ is unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁹ is unsubstituted C₁-C₃ alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁹ is methyl or ethyl.

In embodiments, R^(6A) is —C(O)—OR¹⁹ and R¹⁹ is hydrogen or substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁹ is hydrogen. In embodiments, R¹⁹ is unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁹ is unsubstituted C₁-C₃ alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁹ is methyl. In embodiments, R¹⁹ is ethyl. In embodiments, R¹⁹ is isopropyl.

In embodiments, R^(6A) is —OR¹⁹ and R¹⁹ is trifluoromethyl or substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁹ is trifluoromethyl. In embodiments, R¹⁹ is unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁹ is unsubstituted C₁-C₃ alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁹ is methyl. In embodiments, R¹⁹ is ethyl. In embodiments, R¹⁹ is isopropyl. In embodiments, R¹⁹ is substituted C₁-C₅ alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁹ is substituted ethyl.

Further to the compound of formula (I), in embodiments R^(6A) is —Br, —SR¹⁹, —SO_(n6)R¹⁹, —C(O)—OR¹⁹, —OR¹⁹, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl or substituted or unsubstituted aryl. In embodiments, R^(6A) is substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl. In embodiments, R^(6A) is substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl. In embodiments, R^(6A) is substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₃ alkyl. In embodiments, R^(6A) is substituted C₁-C₃ alkyl. In embodiments, R^(6A) is hydroxymethyl. In embodiments, R^(6A) is unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl. In embodiments, R^(6A) is methyl. In embodiments, R^(6A) is ethyl. In embodiments, R^(6A) is propyl. In embodiments, R^(6A) is isopropyl. In embodiments, R^(6A) is butyl. In embodiments, R^(6A) is pentyl.

In embodiments, R^(6A) is trifluoromethyl, —Br, —SR¹⁹, —SO_(n6)R¹⁹, —C(O)—OR¹⁹, —OR¹⁹, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl or substituted or unsubstituted aryl. In embodiments, R^(6A) is —Cl, —F. —CX^(f) ₃, —SR¹⁹, —SO_(n6)R¹⁹, —C(O)—OR¹⁹, —OR¹⁹, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl or substituted or unsubstituted aryl. In embodiments, R^(6A) is —Cl or —NR¹⁹R²⁰. In embodiments, R^(6A) is-NR¹⁹R²⁰, R¹⁹ is hydrogen and R²⁰ is —OC(O)CH₃.

Further to the compound of formula (I), in embodiments R⁷ is substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl. In embodiments, R⁷ is substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl. In embodiments, R⁷ is unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl. In embodiments, R⁷ is unsubstituted ethyl. In embodiments, R⁷ is methyl. In embodiments, R⁷ is saturated or unsaturated unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl. In embodiments, R⁷ is unsaturated unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl. In embodiments, R⁷ is unsaturated unsubstituted C₁-C₃ alkyl. In embodiments, R⁷ is propenyl.

Further to the compound of formula (I), in embodiments L¹ is substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ alkylene. In embodiments, L¹ is unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ alkylene. In embodiments, L¹ is R^(L1)-substituted C₁-C₁₀ alkylene. R^(L1) may be independently hydrogen, halogen, ═O, ═S, —CF₃, —CN, —CCl₃, —COOH, —CH₂COOH, —CONH₂, —OH, —SH, —SO₂Cl, —SO₃H, —SO₄H, —SO₂NH₂, —NO₂, —NH₂, —NHNH₂, —ONH₂, —NHC═(O)NHNH₂, unsubstituted alkyl, unsubstituted heteroalkyl, unsubstituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted aryl, or unsubstituted heteroaryl. In embodiments, L¹ is substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkylene. In embodiments, L¹ is unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkylene. In embodiments, L¹ is unsubstituted C₁-C₃ alkylene. In embodiments, L¹ is methylene or ethylene.

In embodiments, the compound has the formula:

Regarding the compound of formula (II), substituents R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R^(6A), R⁷, R⁸ and L¹ are as disclosed herein. For example, R¹, R², R³, and R⁸, are independently hydrogen, halogen or unsubstituted (e.g., C₁-C₂₀ or C₁-C₆) alkyl; R⁴ is unsubstituted (e.g., C₁-C₂₀ or C₁-C₆) alkyl; R⁵ is hydrogen, halogen or unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl; R^(6A) is substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl, —CX^(f) ₃, or —C(O)—OR¹⁹ and R¹⁹ is hydrogen or substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl; R⁷ is substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl and L¹ is unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ alkylene.

In embodiments, R¹, R², R³, and R⁸, are independently hydrogen, halogen or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkyl. In embodiments, R¹, R², R³, and R⁸, are independently hydrogen, halogen or unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl. In embodiments, R¹, R², R³, and R⁸, are independently hydrogen, halogen or unsubstituted C₁-C₄ alkyl. In embodiments, R¹, R², R³, and R⁸, are independently hydrogen, halogen or unsubstituted C₁-C₃ alkyl. In embodiments, R¹, R², R³, and R⁸, are independently hydrogen or halogen. In embodiments, R¹, R³, and R⁸, are independently hydrogen and R² is halogen. In embodiments, R¹, R³, and R⁸, are independently hydrogen and R² is bromo.

In embodiments, R⁴ is unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkyl. In embodiments, R⁴ is unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl. In embodiments, R⁴ is unsubstituted C₁-C₄ alkyl. In embodiments, R⁴ is unsubstituted C₁-C₃ alkyl. In another further embodiment, R⁴ is methyl.

In embodiments, R⁵ is hydrogen or unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl. In embodiments, R⁵ is hydrogen or unsubstituted C₁-C₄ alkyl. In embodiments, R⁵ is hydrogen or unsubstituted C₁-C₃ alkyl. In embodiments, R⁵ is hydrogen.

In embodiments, R^(6A) is —CX^(f) ₃ or substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl. In embodiments, R^(6A) is R^(6A)-substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl. In embodiments, R^(6A) is R^(6A)-substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₄ alkyl. In embodiments, R^(6A) is R^(6A)-substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₃ alkyl. In embodiments, R^(6A) is trifluoromethyl.

In embodiments, R⁷ is R^(7A)-substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl and R^(7A) is as described herein. In embodiments, R⁷ is R^(7A)-substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₄ alkyl and R^(7A) is as described herein. In embodiments, R⁷ is R^(7A)-substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₃ alkyl and R^(7A) is as described herein. In embodiments, R⁷ is unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl. In embodiments, R⁷ is unsubstituted C₁-C₄ alkyl. In embodiments, R⁷ is unsubstituted C₁-C₃ alkyl. In embodiments, R⁷ is unsubstituted C₁-C₃ alkyl. In embodiments, R⁷ is unsubstituted ethyl.

In embodiments, L¹ is unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ alkylene. In embodiments, L¹ is unsubstituted C₁-C₃ alkylene. In embodiments, L¹ is unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkylene. In embodiments, L¹ is unsubstituted C₁-C₄ alkylene. In embodiments, L¹ is unsubstituted ethylene.

In embodiments, R¹, R³, and R⁸, are hydrogen, R² is bromo, R⁴ is methyl, R⁵ is hydrogen, R^(6A) is trifluoromethyl, R⁷ is unsubstituted ethyl and L¹ is unsubstituted ethylene.

In embodiments, the compound has the formula:

Regarding compound of formula (III), substituents R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R^(6A), R⁷, R⁸ and L¹ are as disclosed herein. For example, R¹, R², R³, and R⁸, are independently hydrogen, halogen or unsubstituted (e.g., C₁-C₂₀ or C₁-C₆) alkyl; R⁴ is unsubstituted (e.g., C₁-C₂₀ or C₁-C₆) alkyl; R⁵ is hydrogen, halogen or unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl; R^(6A) is substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl, or —C(O)—OR¹⁹ and R¹⁹ is hydrogen or substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl; R⁷ is substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl and L¹ is unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ alkylene.

In embodiments, R¹, R², R³, and R⁸, are independently hydrogen, halogen or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkyl. In embodiments, R¹, R², R³, and R⁸, are independently hydrogen, halogen or unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl. In embodiments, R¹, R², R³, and R⁸, are independently hydrogen, halogen or unsubstituted C₁-C₄ alkyl. In embodiments, R¹, R², R³, and R⁸, are independently hydrogen, halogen or unsubstituted C₁-C₃ alkyl. In embodiments, R¹, R², R³, and R⁸, are independently hydrogen or unsubstituted C₁-C₃ alkyl. In embodiments, R¹, R³, and R⁸, are independently hydrogen and R² is unsubstituted C₁-C₃ alkyl. In embodiments, R¹, R³, and R⁸, are independently hydrogen and R² is ethyl.

In embodiments, R⁴ is unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkyl. In embodiments, R⁴ is unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl. In embodiments, R⁴ is unsubstituted C₁-C₄ alkyl. In embodiments, R⁴ is unsubstituted C₁-C₃ alkyl. In another further embodiment, R⁴ is methyl.

In embodiments, R⁵ is hydrogen or unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl. In embodiments, R⁵ is hydrogen or unsubstituted C₁-C₄ alkyl. In embodiments, R⁵ is hydrogen or unsubstituted C₁-C₃ alkyl. In embodiments, R⁵ is hydrogen.

In embodiments, R^(6A) is —C(O)—OR¹⁹ and R¹⁹ is hydrogen or substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁹ is hydrogen. In embodiments, R¹⁹ is unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁹ is unsubstituted C₁-C₃ alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁹ is methyl.

In embodiments, R⁷ is R^(7A)-substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl and R^(7A) is as described herein. In embodiments, R⁷ is R^(7A)-substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₄ alkyl and R^(7A) is as described herein. In embodiments, R⁷ is R^(7A)-substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₃ alkyl and R^(7A) is as described herein. In embodiments, R⁷ is unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl. In embodiments, R⁷ is unsubstituted C₁-C₄ alkyl. In embodiments, R⁷ is unsubstituted C₁-C₃ alkyl. In embodiments, R⁷ is unsubstituted C₁-C₃ alkyl. In embodiments, R⁷ is unsubstituted ethyl.

In embodiments, L¹ is unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ alkylene. In embodiments, L¹ is unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkylene. In embodiments, L¹ is unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkylene. In embodiments, L¹ is unsubstituted C₁-C₄ alkylene. In embodiments, L¹ is unsubstituted ethylene.

In embodiments, R¹, R³, and R⁸, are hydrogen, R² is ethyl, R⁴ is methyl, R⁵ is hydrogen, R^(6A) is —C(O)—OR¹⁹ and R¹⁹ is methyl, R⁷ is unsubstituted ethyl and L¹ is unsubstituted ethylene.

Pharmaceutical Compositions

In another aspect, there is provided a pharmaceutical composition including a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient and a compound of formula (I) as disclosed herein including embodiments thereof.

A. Formulations

The compounds of the present invention can be prepared and administered in a wide variety of oral, parenteral, and topical dosage forms. Thus, the compounds of the present invention can be administered by injection (e.g. intravenously, intramuscularly, intracutaneously, subcutaneously, intraduodenally, or intraperitoneally). Also, the compounds described herein can be administered by inhalation, for example, intranasally. Additionally, the compounds of the present invention can be administered transdermally. It is also envisioned that multiple routes of administration (e.g., intramuscular, oral, transdermal) can be used to administer the compounds of the invention. Accordingly, the present invention also provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient and one or more compounds of the invention, i.e., “pharmaceutical formulation.”

For preparing pharmaceutical compositions from the compounds of the present invention, pharmaceutically acceptable carriers can be either solid or liquid. Solid form preparations include powders, tablets, pills, capsules, cachets, suppositories, and dispersible granules. A solid carrier can be one or more substance that may also act as diluents, flavoring agents, binders, preservatives, tablet disintegrating agents, or an encapsulating material.

In powders, the carrier is a finely divided solid in a mixture with the finely divided active component. In tablets, the active component is mixed with the carrier having the necessary binding properties in suitable proportions and compacted in the shape and size desired.

The powders and tablets preferably contain from 5% to 70% of the active compound. Suitable carriers are magnesium carbonate, magnesium stearate, talc, sugar, lactose, pectin, dextrin, starch, gelatin, tragacanth, methylcellulose, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, a low melting wax, cocoa butter, and the like. The term “preparation” is intended to include the formulation of the active compound with encapsulating material as a carrier providing a capsule in which the active component with or without other carriers, is surrounded by a carrier, which is thus in association with it. Similarly, cachets and lozenges are included. Tablets, powders, capsules, pills, cachets, and lozenges can be used as solid dosage forms suitable for oral administration.

For preparing suppositories, a low melting wax, such as a mixture of fatty acid glycerides or cocoa butter, is first melted and the active component is dispersed homogeneously therein, as by stirring. The molten homogeneous mixture is then poured into convenient sized molds, allowed to cool, and thereby to solidify.

Liquid form preparations include solutions, suspensions, and emulsions, for example, water or water/propylene glycol solutions. For parenteral injection, liquid preparations can be formulated in solution in aqueous polyethylene glycol solution.

When parenteral application is needed or desired, particularly suitable admixtures for the compounds of the invention are injectable, sterile solutions, preferably oily or aqueous solutions, as well as suspensions, emulsions, or implants, including suppositories. In particular, carriers for parenteral administration include aqueous solutions of dextrose, saline, pure water, ethanol, glycerol, propylene glycol, peanut oil, sesame oil, polyoxyethylene-block polymers, and the like. Ampoules are convenient unit dosages. The compounds of the invention can also be incorporated into liposomes or administered via transdermal pumps or patches. Pharmaceutical admixtures suitable for use in the present invention include those described, for example, in PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES (17th Ed., Mack Pub. Co., Easton, Pa.) and WO 96/05309, the teachings of both of which are hereby incorporated by reference.

Aqueous solutions suitable for oral use can be prepared by dissolving the active component in water and adding suitable colorants, flavors, stabilizers, and thickening agents as desired. Aqueous suspensions suitable for oral use can be made by dispersing the finely divided active component in water with viscous material, such as natural or synthetic gums, resins, methylcellulose, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, and other well-known suspending agents.

Also included are solid form preparations that are intended to be converted, shortly before use, to liquid form preparations for oral administration. Such liquid forms include solutions, suspensions, and emulsions. These preparations may contain, in addition to the active component, colorants, flavors, stabilizers, buffers, artificial and natural sweeteners, dispersants, thickeners, solubilizing agents, and the like.

The pharmaceutical preparation is preferably in unit dosage form. In such form the preparation is subdivided into unit doses containing appropriate quantities of the active component. The unit dosage form can be a packaged preparation, the package containing discrete quantities of preparation, such as packeted tablets, capsules, and powders in vials or ampoules. Also, the unit dosage form can be a capsule, tablet, cachet, or lozenge itself, or it can be the appropriate number of any of these in packaged form.

The quantity of active component in a unit dose preparation may be varied or adjusted from 0.01 mg to 10000 mg, more typically 1.0 mg to 1000 mg, most typically 10 mg to 500 mg, according to the particular application and the potency of the active component. The composition can, if desired, also contain other compatible therapeutic agents.

Some compounds may have limited solubility in water and therefore may require a surfactant or other appropriate co-solvent in the composition. Such co-solvents include: Polysorbate 20, 60, and 80; Pluronic F-68, F-84, and P-103; cyclodextrin; and polyoxyl 35 castor oil. Such co-solvents are typically employed at a level between about 0.01% and about 2% by weight.

Viscosity greater than that of simple aqueous solutions may be desirable to decrease variability in dispensing the formulations, to decrease physical separation of components of a suspension or emulsion of formulation, and/or otherwise to improve the formulation. Such viscosity building agents include, for example, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, methyl cellulose, hydroxy propyl methylcellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, hydroxy propyl cellulose, chondroitin sulfate and salts thereof, hyaluronic acid and salts thereof, and combinations of the foregoing. Such agents are typically employed at a level between about 0.01% and about 2% by weight.

The compositions of the present invention may additionally include components to provide sustained release and/or comfort. Such components include high molecular weight, anionic mucomimetic polymers, gelling polysaccharides, and finely-divided drug carrier substrates. These components are discussed in greater detail in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,911,920; 5,403,841; 5,212,162; and 4,861,760. The entire contents of these patents are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety for all purposes.

B. Effective Dosages

Pharmaceutical compositions provided by the present invention include compositions wherein the active ingredient is contained in a therapeutically effective amount. The actual amount effective for a particular application will depend, inter alia, on the condition being treated. For example, when administered in methods to treat infection, such compositions will contain an amount of active ingredient effective to achieve the desired result (e.g., to treat an infection).

The dosage and frequency (single or multiple doses) of compound administered can vary depending upon a variety of factors, including route of administration; size, age, sex, health, body weight, body mass index, and diet of the recipient; nature and extent of symptoms of the disease being treated; presence of other diseases or other health-related problems; kind of concurrent treatment; and complications from any disease or treatment regimen. Other therapeutic regimens or agents can be used in conjunction with the methods and compounds of the invention.

For any compound described herein, the therapeutically effective amount can be initially determined from cell culture assays. Target concentrations will be those concentrations of active compound(s) that are capable of eliciting innate immune response as measured, for example, using the methods described.

Therapeutically effective amounts for use in humans may be determined from animal models. For example, a dose for humans can be formulated to achieve a concentration that has been found to be effective in animals. The dosage in humans can be adjusted by monitoring effectiveness and adjusting the dosage upwards or downwards, as described above.

Dosages may be varied depending upon the requirements of the patient and the compound being employed. The dose administered to a patient, in the context of the present invention, should be sufficient to affect a beneficial therapeutic response in the patient over time. The size of the dose also will be determined by the existence, nature, and extent of any adverse side effects. Generally, treatment is initiated with smaller dosages, which are less than the optimum dose of the compound. Thereafter, the dosage is increased by small increments until the optimum effect under circumstances is reached. In one embodiment of the invention, the dosage range is 0.001% to 10% w/v. In another embodiment, the dosage range is 0.1% to 5% w/v.

Dosage amounts and intervals can be adjusted individually to provide levels of the administered compound effective for the particular clinical indication being treated. This will provide a therapeutic regimen that is commensurate with the severity of the individual's disease state.

Utilizing the teachings provided herein, an effective prophylactic or therapeutic treatment regimen can be planned that does not cause substantial toxicity and yet is entirely effective to treat the clinical symptoms demonstrated by the particular patient. This planning should involve the careful choice of active compound by considering factors such as compound potency, relative bioavailability, patient body weight, presence and severity of adverse side effects, preferred mode of administration, and the toxicity profile of the selected agent.

C. Toxicity

The ratio between toxicity and therapeutic effect for a particular compound is its therapeutic index and can be expressed as the ratio between LD₅₀ (the amount of compound lethal in 50% of the population) and ED₅₀ (the amount of compound effective in 50% of the population). Compounds that exhibit high therapeutic indices are preferred. Therapeutic index data obtained from cell culture assays and/or animal studies can be used in formulating a range of dosages for use in humans. The dosage of such compounds preferably lies within a range of plasma concentrations that include the ED₅₀ with little or no toxicity. The dosage may vary within this range depending upon the dosage form employed and the route of administration utilized. See, e.g. Fingl et al., In: THE PHARMACOLOGICAL BASIS OF THERAPEUTICS, Ch. 1, p. 1, 1975. The exact formulation, route of administration, and dosage can be chosen by the individual physician in view of the patient's condition and the particular method in which the compound is used.

Methods of Use

In another aspect, there is provided a method of treating a Hsp70-mediated disease in a patient in need of such treatment. The method includes administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula (I) as disclosed herein including embodiments thereof.

In embodiments, the disease is cancer, an infectious disease or a neurodegenerative disease. In embodiments, the disease is cancer. In embodiments, the disease is an infectious disease. In embodiments, the disease is a neurodegenerative disease.

In embodiments, the disease is cancer and the cancer is acute T cell leukemia, breast cancer, multiple myeloma, malignant melanoma, ovarian cancer, colorectal adenocarcinoma, endometrial cancer, cervical cancer or bladder cancer. In embodiments, the cancer is acute T cell leukemia. In embodiments, the cancer is breast cancer. In embodiments, the cancer is multiple myeloma. In embodiments, the cancer is malignant melanoma. In embodiments, the cancer is ovarian cancer. In embodiments, the cancer is colorectal adenocarcinoma. In embodiments, the cancer is endometrial cancer. In embodiments, the cancer is cervical cancer. In embodiments, the cancer is bladder cancer.

In embodiments, the disease is a neurodegenerative disease and the neurodegenerative disease is a polyglutamine expansion disorder. In embodiments, the polyglutamine expansion disorder is Kennedy's disease.

In embodiments, the disease is a neurodegenerative disease and the neurodegenerative disease is a tauopathy. The term “tauopathy” and the like refer, as usual and customary in the art, to a class of neurodegenerative diseases associate with the pathological aggregation of tau protein in the brain. Exemplary tauopathic diseases and disorders include Alzheimer's disease. In embodiments, the tauopathy is Alzheimer's disease.

In embodiments, the disease is an infectious disease, and the infectious disease is Dengue fever. In embodiments, the infectious disease is a Hepatitis C virus (HCV) disease. In embodiments, the infectious disease is influenza.

In another aspect, there is provided a method for inhibiting the activity of Hsp70 in a cell. The method includes contacting the cell with a compound of formula (I) as disclosed herein including embodiments thereof.

EXAMPLES

Compounds disclosed herein include the compound set forth in Table 1 following. The table provides the chemical structure, molecular weight and biological activities (IC₅₀) on binding to MCF-7, MDA-MB-231 and MFF (C57BL/6).

Cell viability was determined using a methyl thiazoyl tetrazolium (MTT) colorimetric assay (ATCC, catalog number 30-1010K) with the following modifications. Briefly, cells (5×103) were plated into 96-well assay plates in 0.1 ml media and allowed to attach overnight. Cells were then treated with compound at various concentrations in 0.2 mL media. After the 72-hour incubation period, cells were washed in PBS (3×100 μL), and 10 μL MTT reagent was added with 100 μL fresh media. Cells were then incubated for 4 hr in a humidified chamber at 37° C. with 5% CO2. Insoluble formazan crystals were solubilized by addition of 0.1 mL detergent solution (4 hr at room temp., dark). Resulting colored solutions were then quantified at an absorbance of 570 nm.

Synthesis Scheme.

TABLE 1 Chemical structure, molecule weights and biological activities of selected compounds. IC₅₀/μM IC₅₀/μM IC₅₀/μM MDA-MB- MEF Compound Structure M.W. MCF-7 231 (C57BL/6) JG-247

592.57 1.58 ± 0.18 1.8 ± 0.3 6.1 ± 0.3 JG-248

578.18 0.14 ± 0.01 0.11 ± 0.01 1.2 ± 0.2 JG-249

546.18 0.13 ± 0.01 0.12 ± 0.01 1.7 ± 0.1 JG-250

530.12 0.13 ± 0.01 0.16 ± 0.01 2.0 ± 0.1 JG-251

535.04 2.5 ± 0.5 1.1 ± 0.1 0.91 ± 0.06 JG-252

545.09 >5 4.8 ± 0.4 2.8 ± 0.1 JG-253

634.59 0.13 ± 0.01 0.16 ± 0.01 3.7 ± 0.2 JG-254

618.14 0.65 ± 0.13 0.10 ± 0.01 1.5 ± 0.1 JG-255

568.97 1.45 ± 0.13 0.41 ± 0.06 3.1 ± 0.3 JG-256

552.52 0.72 ± 0.06 1.1 ± 0.1 2.2 ± 0.1 JG-257

569.96 >5 7.2 ± 0.8 1.1 ± 0.1 JG-258

452.05 >5 >20 >10 JG-259

575.98 >5 2.3 ± 0.3 8.9 ± 0.8 JG-260

559.53 >5 6.7 ± 0.5 8.2 ± 0.4 JG-261

598.59 >5 >20 4.2 ± 0.6 JG-262

582.14 >5 >20 >10 JG-263

564.56 0.40 ± 0.03 0.12 ± 0.01 1.5 ± 0.1 JG-264

548.11 0.49 ± 0.04 0.24 ± 0.03 1.4 ± 0.1 JG-265

582.53 0.81 ± 0.09 0.13 ± 0.01 2.7 ± 0.1 JG-266

566.08 0.87 ± 0.11 0.30 ± 0.02 2.7 ± 0.2 JG-267

553.53 >5 10 ± 2  7.6 ± 0.3 JG-268

537.08 >5 >20 >10 JG-269

548.56 0.18 ± 0.01 0.26 ± 0.04 2.2 ± 0.1 JG-270

598.11 0.064 ± 0.005 0.077 ± 0.009 0.75 ± 0.05 JG-271

568.97 0.26 ± 0.02 0.51 ± 0.06 0.69 ± 0.03 JG-272

552.52 0.36 ± 0.02 0.77 ± 0.10 0.62 ± 0.03 JG-273

319.44 >5 >20 >10 JG-274

568.61 0.098 ± 0.008 0.080 ± 0.008 4.2 ± 0.4 JG-275

552.16 0.27 ± 0.03 0.30 ± 0.03 1.6 ± 0.1 JG-276

512.10 0.24 ± 0.02 0.27 ± 0.03 2.5 ± 0.1 JG-277

486.06 0.39 ± 0.03 0.49 ± 0.05 4.1 ± 0.2 JG-278

585.01 0.39 ± 0.06 0.23 ± 0.04 3.4 ± 0.2 JG-279

520.14 0.14 ± 0.03 0.15 ± 0.01 2.2 ± 0.1 JG-280

546.54 0.17 ± 0.02 0.10 ± 0.01 2.4 ± 0.1 JG-281

520.50 0.60 ± 0.06 0.16 ± 0.02 5.7 ± 0.3 JG-282

536.07 0.29 ± 0.04 0.26 ± 0.03 2.5 ± 0.1 JG-283

548.56 0.063 ± 0.007 0.088 ± 0.005 0.45 ± 0.02 JG-284

528.14 0.090 ± 0.006 0.090 ± 0.005 0.64 ± 0.03 JG-285

582.11 0.078 ± 0.003 0.062 ± 0.010 0.66 ± 0.06 JG-286

572.08 0.27 ± 0.02 0.14 ± 0.01 5.0 ± 0.6 JG-287

612.62 1.73 ± 0.20 1.3 ± 0.3 >10 JG-288

596.16 1.97 ± 0.11 0.64 ± 0.08 >10 JG-289

613.43 0.27 ± 0.02 0.12 ± 0.02 0.96 ± 0.05 JG-290

593.01 0.16 ± 0.01 0.21 ± 0.02 1.7 ± 0.1 JG-291

662.98 0.14 ± 0.01 0.14 ± 0.01 2.3 ± 0.1 JG-292

646.98 0.12 ± 0.01 0.18 ± 0.02 2.7 ± 0.1 JG-293

643.04 0.30 ± 0.03 0.14 ± 0.03 3.1 ± 0.3 JG-294

636.94 0.10 ± 0.01 0.18 ± 0.01 3.5 ± 0.4 JG-295

562.59 0.084 ± 0.006 0.093 ± 0.005 0.48 ± 0.01 JG-296

542.17 0.10 ± 0.01 0.14 ± 0.01 0.61 ± 0.02 JG-297

612.14 0.080 ± 0.005 0.097 ± 0.006 0.41 ± 0.01 JG-298

596.14 0.052 ± 0.004 0.11 ± 0.01 0.43 ± 0.02 JG-299

592.20 0.083 ± 0.007 0.071 ± 0.009 0.92 ± 0.04 JG-300

586.10 0.11 ± 0.01 0.10 ± 0.01  1.4 ± 0.06 JG-301

564.56 0.048 ± 0.003 0.033 ± 0.005 0.66 ± 0.01 JG-302

544.13 0.12 ± 0.01 0.11 ± 0.01  1.8 ± 0.05 JG-303

614.11 0.070 ± 0.003 0.053 ± 0.005 0.70 ± 0.01 JG-304

598.11 0.12 ± 0.01 0.10 ± 0.02  1.4 ± 0.06 JG-305

594.17 0.12 ± 0.01 0.16 ± 0.01 1.0 ± 0.1 JG-306

588.08 0.16 ± 0.02 0.10 ± 0.01 >10 JG-307

613.43 0.12 ± 0.01 0.13 ± 0.02 1.1 ± 0.1 JG-308

596.98 0.16 ± 0.02 0.19 ± 0.02 0.60 ± 0.06 JG-309

580.62 0.15 ± 0.01 0.13 ± 0.01 0.75 ± 0.05 JG-310

560.20 0.23 ± 0.04 0.11 ± 0.01 2.2 ± 0.2 JG-311

630.17 0.098 ± 0.009 0.14 ± 0.01 2.0 ± 0.1 JG-312

614.18 0.10 ± 0.01 0.14 ± 0.01 3.2 ± 0.2 JG-313

610.24 0.20 ± 0.01 0.16 ± 0.02 1.4 ± 0.1 JG-314

604.14 0.57 ± 0.08 0.25 ± 0.04 4.8 ± 0.9 JG-315

562.09 >20 >20 >10 JG-316

578.54 >20 >20 >10 JG-317

593.01 0.35 ± 0.08 0.14 ± 0.02 2.7 ± 0.1 JG-318

528.14 0.16 ± 0.03 0.11 ± 0.01 1.1 ± 0.1 JG-319

556.20 0.13 ± 0.01 0.26 ± 0.03  1.7 ± 0.04 JG-320

542.17 0.10 ± 0.01 0.30 ± 0.05  1.3 ± 0.04 JG-321

560.20 0.23 ± 0.03 0.14 ± 0.01 1.8 ± 0.1 JG-322

544.14 0.14 ± 0.01 0.15 ± 0.01 1.7 ± 0.1 JG-323

576.61 0.12 ± 0.01 0.19 ± 0.01 0.53 ± 0.02 JG-324

556.20 0.17 ± 0.02 0.15 ± 0.02 1.9 ± 0.1 JG-325

626.17 0.090 ± 0.005 0.21 ± 0.01 0.48 ± 0.02 JG-326

610.17 0.069 ± 0.005 0.060 ± 0.007 0.45 ± 0.04 JG-327

606.23 0.15 ± 0.02 0.17 ± 0.02 0.70 ± 0.03 JG-328

600.13 0.14 ± 0.02 0.23 ± 0.02 0.70 ± 0.03 JG-329

564.56 0.58 ± 0.10 0.39 ± 0.06 7.3 ± 2.1 JG-330

548.11 1.08 ± 0.14 1.93 ± 0.27 >10 JG-331

592.57 0.17 ± 0.02 0.17 ± 0.02 2.9 ± 0.1 JG-332

576.12 0.22 ± 0.03 0.26 ± 0.03 2.0 ± 0.1 JG-333

562.59 0.35 ± 0.04 0.19 ± 0.02 1.1 ± 0.1 JG-334

546.13 0.32 ± 0.03 0.38 ± 0.04 1.4 ± 0.1 JG-335

548.56 0.14 ± 0.02 0.11 ± 0.01 1.4 ± 0.1 JG-336

532.11 0.18 ± 0.02 0.21 ± 0.02 2.2 ± 0.1 JG-337

603.42 0.16 ± 0.01 0.16 ± 0.01 1.4 ± 0.1 JG-338

586.96 0.17 ± 0.02 0.14 ± 0.01  1.0 ± 0.03 JG-339

548.56 0.37 ± 0.04 0.19 ± 0.02  1.5 ± 0.08 JG-340

532.11 0.24 ± 0.03 0.38 ± 0.03  1.5 ± 0.05 JG-341

526.13 0.15 ± 0.01 0.11 ± 0.01 1.6 ± 0.1 JG-342

597.03 0.093 ± 0.007 0.10 ± 0.01 0.30 ± 0.10 JG-343

556.20 0.22 ± 0.02 0.25 ± 0.01 0.64 ± 0.01 JG-344

628.20 0.087 ± 0.007 0.17 ± 0.01 0.46 ± 0.03 JG-345

586.18 0.049 ± 0.003 0.046 ± 0.006 1.0 ± 0.1 JG-346

558.17 0.11 ± 0.01 0.073 ± 0.007 0.71 ± 0.03 JG-347

562.22 0.095 ± 0.008 0.21 ± 0.01 0.60 ± 0.01 JG-348

599.00 0.10 ± 0.01 0.10 ± 0.01 1.1 ± 0.1 JG-349

558.17 0.12 ± 0.01 0.23 ± 0.01 1.1 ± 0.1 JG-350

630.17 0.059 ± 0.007 0.10 ± 0.01 1.2 ± 0.1 JG-351

588.15 0.14 ± 0.01 0.11 ± 0.01 1.6 ± 0.1 JG-352

560.14 0.076 ± 0.005 0.062 ± 0.006 0.77 ± 0.03 JG-353

564.19 0.15 ± 0.01 0.15 ± 0.01 1.1 ± 0.1 JG-354

615.06 0.13 ± 0.01 0.096 ± 0.010 1.1 ± 0.1 JG-355

574.23 0.28 ± 0.02 0.21 ± 0.01 1.5 ± 0.1 JG-356

646.24 0.089 ± 0.006 0.090 ± 0.005 1.9 ± 0.1 JG-357

604.21 0.25 ± 0.01 0.14 ± 0.01 3.5 ± 0.2 JG-358

576.20 0.22 ± 0.01 0.11 ± 0.01 1.6 ± 0.1 JG-359

580.25 0.21 ± 0.01 0.25 ± 0.01 1.6 ± 0.1 JG-360

525.10 1.3 ± 0.1 2.3 ± 0.1 2.3 ± 0.1 JG-361

583.00 0.088 ± 0.008 0.054 ± 0.006 0.55 ± 0.03 JG-362

542.17 0.19 ± 0.02 0.23 ± 0.01 2.3 ± 0.1 JG-363

614.18 0.067 ± 0.005 0.084 ± 0.012 2.1 ± 0.1 JG-364

572.15 0.15 ± 0.01 0.11 ± 0.01 2.3 ± 0.2 JG-365

548.56 0.11 ± 0.01 0.16 ± 0.02 0.42 ± 0.02 JG-366

528.14 0.19 ± 0.01 0.22 ± 0.02 0.99 ± 0.04 JG-367

593.01 0.12 ± 0.01 0.22 ± 0.02 0.54 ± 0.02 JG-368

598.11 0.089 ± 0.006 0.18 ± 0.01 1.4 ± 0.1 JG-369

578.18 0.063 ± 0.004 0.12 ± 0.01 0.44 ± 0.02 JG-370

562.11 0.22 ± 0.01 0.18 ± 0.02 1.2 ± 0.1 JG-371

583.00 0.069 ± 0.004 0.070 ± 0.010 0.68 ± 0.02 JG-372

542.17 0.18 ± 0.01 0.68 ± 0.16 0.67 ± 0.01 JG-373

614.18 0.095 ± 0.005 0.22 ± 0.03 0.44 ± 0.03 JG-374

572.15 0.16 ± 0.01 0.15 ± 0.01 0.69 ± 0.03 JG-375

544.14 0.071 ± 0.006 0.082 ± 0.010 0.96 ± 0.03 JG-376

530.12 0.37 ± 0.02 0.36 ± 0.05 1.0 ± 0.1 JG-377

612.14 0.12 ± 0.01 0.19 ± 0.03 >10 JG-378

596.14 0.13 ± 0.01 0.14 ± 0.02 0.87 ± 0.03 JG-379

578.58 0.18 ± 0.01 0.20 ± 0.03 0.90 ± 0.01 JG-380

562.59 0.20 ± 0.02 0.25 ± 0.03 0.94 ± 0.03 JG-381

583.00 0.55 ± 0.03 0.62 ± 0.05 2.3 ± 0.2 JG-382

562.59 0.59 ± 0.03 0.46 ± 0.06 1.2 ± 0.1 JG-383

616.56 0.78 ± 0.06 0.74 ± 0.08 2.3 ± 0.2 JG-384

596.14 0.62 ± 0.08 0.68 ± 0.10 1.1 ± 0.1 JG-385

583.00 0.69 ± 0.05 0.61 ± 0.05 4.4 ± 0.3 JG-386

562.59 0.53 ± 0.05 0.28 ± 0.03 1.7 ± 0.1 JG-387

616.56 0.78 ± 0.09 0.74 ± 0.04 >10 JG-388

596.14 0.50 ± 0.04 0.62 ± 0.07 1.6 ± 0.1 JG-389

578.58 0.86 ± 0.08 0.27 ± 0.01 2.4 ± 0.1 JG-390

588.17 0.31 ± 0.04 0.12 ± 0.01 1.2 ± 0.1 JG-391

562.59 0.68 ± 0.04 0.26 ± 0.01 2.5 ± 0.2 JG-392

542.17 0.35 ± 0.03 0.19 ± 0.02 1.2 ± 0.1 JG-393

612.14 0.68 ± 0.13 0.21 ± 0.01 2.1 ± 0.1 JG-394

578.58 0.56 ± 0.06 0.24 ± 0.01 2.3 ± 0.1 JG-395

612.14 0.51 ± 0.06 0.42 ± 0.03 2.9 ± 0.1 JG-396

578.58 1.7 ± 0.3 0.20 ± 0.03 4.0 ± 0.2 JG-397

574.17 0.080 ± 0.008 0.083 ± 0.007 1.3 ± 0.1 JG-398

588.17 0.24 ± 0.02 0.14 ± 0.01 1.1 ± 0.1 JG-399

630.17 0.20 ± 0.01 0.11 ± 0.01 3.1 ± 0.2 JG-400

614.11 0.16 ± 0.02 0.16 ± 0.01 2.2 ± 0.1 JG-401

598.11 0.45 ± 0.04 0.11 ± 0.01 0.27 ± 0.03 JG-402

594.17 0.45 ± 0.04 0.23 ± 0.01 0.82 ± 0.06 JG-403

599.00 0.70 ± 0.08 0.20 ± 0.01 1.2 ± 0.1 JG-404

560.14 0.79 ± 0.10 0.30 ± 0.03 1.3 ± 0.1

TABLE 2 Functional characterization of selected compounds. SI SI Solu- Micro- EC50/μM EC50/μM EC50/μM MEF/ IMR- bility somal Compound M.W. MCF-7 MEF IMR-90 MCF-7 90/MCF-7 μM min JG-98 534.54 0.71 ± 0.22 4.5 ± 0.5 1.4 ± 0.2 6 2 31 37 JG-194 514.12 0.16 ± 0.02 1.9 ± 0.1 1.8 ± 0.3 11 11 16 40 JG-231 619.45 0.12 ± 0.01 2.5 ± 0.1 4.6 ± 0.3 20 38 16 >60 JG-294 636.94 0.10 ± 0.01 3.5 ± 0.4 9.8 ± 2.0 35 98 31 >60 JG-300 586.10 0.11 ± 0.01 1.4 ± 0.1 3.3 ± 0.3 12 30 16 37 JG-311 630.17 0.098 ± 0.009 2.0 ± 0.1 3.5 ± 0.6 20 35 16 22 JG-312 614.18 0.10 ± 0.01 3.2 ± 0.2 >10 32 >100 16 23 JG-345 586.18 0.049 ± 0.003 1.0 ± 0.1 3.2 ± 0.7 20 65 31 25 JG-356 646.24 0.089 ± 0.006 1.9 ± 0.1 1.5 ± 0.1 21 16 16 23

TABLE 3A Pharmacokinetic parameters of JG-294 Pharmacokinetic parameters Cmax/nM 0.058 Tmax/h 2 t_(1/2)/h 29.8 AUC_(0-∞)/nM × h 2429

TABLE 3B Pharmacokinetic parameters of JG-345 Pharmacokinetic parameters Cmax/nM 0.087 Tmax/h 1 t_(1/2)/h 11.4 AUC_(0-∞)/nM × h 1524

EMBODIMENTS Embodiment 1

A Compound of Formula:

wherein:

-   -   R¹ is hydrogen, halogen, —CX^(a) ₃, —CN, —SR⁹, —SO₂Cl,         —SO_(n)R⁹, —SO_(v1)NR⁹R¹⁰, —NHNH₂, —ONR⁹R¹⁰, —NHC═(O)NHNH₂,         —NHC═(O)NR⁹R¹⁰, —N(O)_(m1), —NR⁹R¹⁰, —NH—O—R⁹, —NHC(O)R⁹,         —C(O)R⁹, —C(O)—OR⁹, —C(O)NR⁹R¹⁰, —OR⁹, substituted or         unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl,         substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or         unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted         aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl;     -   R² is hydrogen, halogen, —CX^(b) ₃, —CN, —SR¹¹, —SO₂Cl,         —SO_(n2)R¹¹, —SO_(v2)NR¹¹R¹², —NHNH₂, —ONR¹¹R¹², —NHC═(O)NHNH₂,         —NHC═(O)NR¹¹R¹², —N(O)_(m2), —NR¹¹R¹², —NH—O—R¹¹, —NHC(O)R¹¹,         —C(O)R¹¹, —C(O)—OR¹¹, —C(O)NR¹¹R¹², —OR¹¹, substituted or         unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl,         substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or         unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted         aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl;     -   R³ is hydrogen, halogen, —CX^(c) ₃, —CN, —SR¹³, —SO₂Cl,         —SO_(n3)R¹³, —SO_(v3)NR¹³R¹⁴, —NHNH₂, —ONR¹³R¹⁴, —NHC═(O)NHNH₂,         —NHC═(O)NR¹³R¹⁴, —N(O)_(m3), —NR¹³R¹⁴, —NH—O—R¹³, —NHC(O)R¹³,         —C(O)R¹³, —C(O)—OR¹³, —C(O)NR¹³R¹⁴, —OR¹³, substituted or         unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl,         substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or         unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted         aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl;     -   R⁸ is hydrogen, halogen, —CX^(d) ₃, —CN, —SR¹⁵, —SO₂Cl,         —SO_(n4)R¹⁵, —SO_(v4)NR¹⁵R¹⁶, —NHNH₂, —ONR¹⁵R¹⁶, —NHC═(O)NHNH₂,         —NHC═(O)NR¹⁵R¹⁶, —N(O)_(m4), —NR¹⁵R¹⁶, —NH—O—R, —NHC(O)R⁵,         —C(O)R¹⁵, —C(O)—OR, —C(O)NR¹⁵R¹⁶, —OR¹⁵, substituted or         unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl,         substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or         unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted         aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl;     -   R⁴ is unsubstituted alkyl, unsubstituted heteroalkyl,         unsubstituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl,         unsubstituted aryl, or unsubstituted heteroaryl;     -   R⁵ is hydrogen, halogen, —CX^(e) ₃, —CN, —SR¹⁷, —SO₂Cl,         —SO_(n5)R¹⁷, —SO_(v5)NR¹⁷R¹⁸, —NHNH₂, —ONR¹⁷R¹⁸, —NHC═(O)NHNH₂,         —NHC═(O)NR¹⁷R¹⁸, —N(O)_(m5), —NR¹⁷R¹⁸, —NH—O—R¹⁷, —NHC(O)R¹⁷,         —C(O)R¹⁷, —C(O)—OR¹⁷, —C(O)NR¹⁷R¹⁸, —OR¹⁷, substituted or         unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl,         substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or         unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted         aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl;     -   R⁶ is R^(6A)-substituted cycloalkyl, R^(6A)-substituted         heterocycloalkyl, R^(6A)-substituted aryl or R^(6A)-substituted         heteroaryl;     -   R^(6A) is independently halogen, —CX^(f) ₃, —CN, —SR¹⁹, —SO₂Cl,         —SO_(n6)R¹⁹, —SO_(v6)NR¹⁹R²⁰, —NHNH₂, —ONR¹⁹R², —NHC═(O)NHNH₂,         —NHC═(O)NR¹⁹R²⁰, —N(O)_(m6), —NR¹⁹R²⁰, —NH—O—R¹⁹, —NHC(O)R¹⁹,         —C(O)R¹⁹, —C(O)—OR¹⁹, —C(O)NR¹⁹R²⁰, —OR¹⁹, substituted or         unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl,         substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or         unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted         aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl;     -   R⁷ is hydrogen, halogen, —CX^(g) ₃, —CN, —SR²¹, —SO₂Cl,         —SO_(n7)R²¹, —SO_(v7)NR²¹R²², —NHNH₂, —ONR²¹R²², —NHC═(O)NHNH₂,         —NHC═(O)NR²¹R²², —N(O)_(m7), —NR²¹R²², —NH—O—R²¹, —NHC(O)R²¹,         —C(O)R²¹, —C(O)—OR²¹, —C(O)NR²¹R²², —OR²¹, substituted or         unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl,         substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or         unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted         aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl;     -   L¹ is a bond, —S(O)—, —S(O)₂NH—, —NHS(O)₂—, —C(O)O—, —OC(O)—,         —C(O)—, —C(O)NH—, —NH—, —NHC(O)—, —O—, —S—, substituted or         unsubstituted alkylene, substituted or unsubstituted         heteroalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkylene,         substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkylene, substituted or         unsubstituted arylene, or substituted or unsubstituted         heteroarylene;     -   R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹¹, R¹², R¹³, R¹⁴, R⁵, R¹⁶, R¹⁷, R¹⁸, R¹⁹, R²⁰, R²¹,         and R²² are independently hydrogen, halogen, ═O, ═S, —CF₃, —CN,         —CCl₃, —COOH, —CH₂COOH, —COCH₃, —CONH₂, —OH, —OC(O)CH₃, —SH,         —SO₂Cl, —SO₃H, —SO₄H, —SO₂NH₂, —NO₂, —NH₂, —NHNH₂, —ONH₂,         —NHC═(O)NHNH₂, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted         or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted         cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl,         substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or         unsubstituted heteroaryl;     -   X^(a), X^(b), X^(c), X^(d), X^(e), X^(f) and X^(g) are         independently —F, —Cl, —Br, or —I;     -   n₁, n₂, n₃, n₄, n₅, n₆ and n₇ are independently an integer from         0 to 4;     -   m₁, m₂, m₃, m₄, m₅, m₆ and m₇ are independently an integer from         1 to 2; and     -   v₁, v₂, v₃, v₄, v₅, v₆ and v₇ are independently an integer from         1 to 2;

wherein if R¹, R², and R³ are independently hydrogen, —Cl, —F, —OCH₃, or —CF₃, then -L¹-R⁶ is not —CH₂pyridyl, -benzyl, —CH₂-difluorophenyl, —CH₂-cyclopropyl, —CH₂-4-(CH₂NHC(O)-tbutyl)phenyl, —CH₂-5-nitrofuranyl, —CH₂CH₂-5-nitrofuranyl, —CH₂-2-(5-CF₃)furanyl, —CH₂-fluorophenyl, —CH₂-chlorophenyl, —CH₂-nitrophenyl, —CH₂-cyanophenyl, —CH(CH₃)C(O)Ph, —CH₂-(methyl)phenyl, —CH₂-trifluoromethylphenyl, —CH₂-trifluoromethoxyphenyl, —CH₂-difluoromethoxyphenyl, —CH₂-3-(2-CO₂CH₃)thienyl, —CH₂-3-(2-bromo)thienyl, —CH₂-3-isoxazolyl, —CH₂-5-isoxazolyl, —CH₂-5-(3-phenyl)isoxazolyl, —CH₂-3-(2-bromo)pyridyl, —CH₂-3-thienyl, —CH₂-2-(5-CO₂CH₂CH₃)furanyl, —CH₂-4-(2-methyl)thiazolyl, —CH₂-2-(5-CO₂CH₃)furanyl, —CH₂-5-(3-methyl)isoxazolyl, or —CH₂—CH(CH₃)phenyl.

Embodiment 2

The compound of embodiment 1, wherein if L¹ is —CH₂— and R⁶ is phenyl, then R^(6A) is not —F, —CF₃, —OCHF₂, —NO₂, —OCF₃, —CH₃, —CN, or —Cl.

Embodiment 3

The compound of embodiment 1, wherein if L¹ is —CH₂— and R⁶ is phenyl, then R^(6A) is not halogen, —CX^(f) ₃, —OR¹⁹, or substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl, wherein X^(f) is halogen and R¹⁹ is substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl.

Embodiment 4

The compound of embodiment 1, wherein if L¹ is —CH₂— and R⁶ is R^(6A) substituted 6-membered aryl, then R^(6A) is not halogen, —CX^(f) ₃, —OR¹⁹, or substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl, wherein X^(f) is halogen and R¹⁹ is substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl.

Embodiment 5

The compound of embodiment 1, wherein if L¹ is unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkylene and R⁶ is phenyl, then R^(6A) is not halogen, —CX^(f) ₃, —OR¹⁹, or substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl, wherein X^(f) is halogen and R¹⁹ is substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl.

Embodiment 6

The compound of embodiment 1, wherein if L¹ is unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkylene and R⁶ is R^(6A)-substituted 6-membered aryl, then R^(6A) is not halogen, —CX^(f) ₃, —OR¹⁹, or substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl, wherein X^(f) is halogen and R¹⁹ is substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl.

Embodiment 7

The compound of embodiment 1, wherein if L¹ is —CH₂— and R⁶ is furanyl, then R^(6A) is not —CF₃, —NO₂, —C(O)OCH₃ or —C(O)OCH₂CH₃

Embodiment 8

The compound of embodiment 1, wherein if L¹ is —CH₂— and R⁶ is furanyl, then R^(6A) is not —CX^(f) ₃, or —C(O)OR¹⁹, wherein X^(f) is halogen and R¹⁹ is substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl.

Embodiment 9

The compound of embodiment 1, wherein if L¹ is —CH₂— and R⁶ is R^(6A)-substituted 5-membered heteroaryl, then R^(6A) is not —CX^(f) ₃, or —C(O)OR¹⁹, wherein X^(f) is halogen and R¹⁹ is substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl.

Embodiment 10

The compound of embodiment 1, wherein if L¹ is unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkylene and R⁶ is furanyl, then R^(6A) is not —CX^(f) ₃, or —C(O)OR¹⁹, wherein X^(f) is halogen and R¹⁹ is substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl.

Embodiment 11

The compound of embodiment 1, wherein if L¹ is unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkylene and R⁶ is R^(6A)-substituted 5-membered heteroaryl, then R^(6A) is not —CX^(f) ₃, or —C(O)OR¹⁹ wherein X^(f) is halogen and R¹⁹ is substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl.

Embodiment 12

The compound of embodiment 1, wherein if L¹ is —CH₂— and R⁶ is thiophene, then R^(6A) is not —Br, —C(O)OCH₃, or —C(O)OCH₂CH₃.

Embodiment 13

The compound of embodiment 1, wherein if L¹ is —CH₂— and R⁶ is thiophene, then R^(6A) is not halogen or —C(O)OR¹⁹, wherein R¹⁹ is substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl.

Embodiment 14

The compound of embodiment 1, wherein if L¹ is —CH₂— and R⁶ is R^(6A)-substituted 5-membered heteroaryl, then R^(6A) is not halogen or —C(O)OR¹⁹, wherein R¹⁹ is substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl.

Embodiment 15

The compound of embodiment 1, wherein if L¹ is unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkylene and R⁶ is thiophene, then R^(6A) is not halogen or —C(O)OR¹⁹, wherein R¹⁹ is substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl.

Embodiment 16

The compound of embodiment 1, wherein if L¹ is unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkylene and R⁶ is R^(6A)-substituted 5-membered heteroaryl, then R^(6A) is not halogen or —C(O)OR¹⁹, wherein R¹⁹ is substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl.

Embodiment 17

The compound of embodiment 1, wherein if L¹ is —CH₂— and R⁶ is oxazolyl, then R^(6A) is not methyl or phenyl.

Embodiment 18

The compound of embodiment 1, wherein if L¹ is —CH₂— and R⁶ is oxazolyl, then R^(6A) is not substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl or substituted or substituted 6-membered aryl.

Embodiment 19

The compound of embodiment 1, wherein if L¹ is —CH₂— and R⁶ is R^(6A)-substituted 5-membered heteroaryl, then R^(6A) is not substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl or substituted or unsubstituted 6-membered aryl.

Embodiment 20

The compound of embodiment 1, wherein if L¹ is unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkylene and R⁶ is oxazolyl, then R^(6A) is not substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl or substituted or unsubstituted 6-membered aryl.

Embodiment 21

The compound of embodiment 1, wherein if L¹ is unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkylene and R⁶ is R^(6A)-substituted 5-membered heteroaryl, then R^(6A) is not substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl or substituted or unsubstituted 6-membered aryl.

Embodiment 22

The compound of embodiment 1, wherein if L¹ is —CH₂— and R⁶ is pyridyl, then R^(6A) is not —Br.

Embodiment 23

The compound of embodiment 1, wherein if L¹ is —CH₂— and R⁶ is pyridyl, then R^(6A) is not halogen.

Embodiment 24

The compound of embodiment 1, wherein if L¹ is —CH₂— and R⁶ is R^(6A)-substituted 6-membered heteroaryl, then R^(6A) is not halogen.

Embodiment 25

The compound of embodiment 1, wherein if L¹ is unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkylene and R⁶ is pyridyl, then R^(6A) is not halogen.

Embodiment 26

The compound of embodiment 1, wherein if L¹ is unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkylene and R⁶ is R^(6A)-substituted 6-membered heteroaryl, then R^(6A) is not halogen.

Embodiment 27

The compound of embodiment 1, wherein if L¹ is —CH₂— and R⁶ is thiazolyl, then R^(6A) is not —CH₃ or —C(O)OCH₃.

Embodiment 28

The compound of embodiment 1, wherein if L¹ is —CH₂— and R⁶ is thiazolyl, then R^(6A) is not substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl or —C(O)OR¹⁹, wherein R¹⁹ is substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl.

Embodiment 29

The compound of embodiment 1, wherein if L¹ is —CH₂— and R⁶ is R^(6A)-substituted 5-membered heteroaryl, then R^(6A) is not substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl or —C(O)OR¹⁹, wherein R¹⁹ is substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl.

Embodiment 30

The compound of embodiment 1, wherein if L¹ is unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkylene and R⁶ is thiazolyl, then R^(6A) is not substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl or —C(O)OR¹⁹, wherein R¹⁹ is substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl.

Embodiment 31

The compound of embodiment 1, wherein if L¹ is unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkylene and R⁶ is R^(6A)-substituted 5-membered heteroaryl, then R^(6A) is not substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl or —C(O)OR¹⁹, wherein R¹⁹ is substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl.

Embodiment 32

The compound of embodiment 1, wherein R¹ is —Br, —SR⁹, —OR⁹, —NO₂, —CN, or substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl.

Embodiment 33

The compound of embodiment 1, wherein R¹ is —SR⁹ and R⁹ is substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl.

Embodiment 34

The compound of embodiment 1, wherein R¹ is —SR⁹ and R⁹ is substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl.

Embodiment 35

The compound of embodiment 1, wherein R¹ is —SR⁹ and R⁹ is unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl.

Embodiment 36

The compound of embodiment 1, wherein R¹ is —SR⁹ and R⁹ is methyl.

Embodiment 37

The compound of embodiment 1, wherein R¹ is —OR⁹ and R⁹ is substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀ alkyl.

Embodiment 38

The compound of embodiment 1, wherein R¹ is —OR⁹ and R⁹ is substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₅ alkyl.

Embodiment 39

The compound of embodiment 1, wherein R¹ is —OR⁹ and R⁹ is unsubstituted C₂-C₅ alkyl.

Embodiment 40

The compound of embodiment 1, wherein R¹ is substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl.

Embodiment 41

The compound of embodiment 1, wherein R¹ is unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl.

Embodiment 42

The compound of embodiment 1, wherein R¹ is unsubstituted branched C₁-C₅ alkyl.

Embodiment 43

The compound of embodiment 41, wherein R¹ is unsubstituted ethyl.

Embodiment 44

The compound of embodiment 41, wherein R¹ is unsubstituted isopropyl.

Embodiment 45

The compound of one of embodiments 1 or 33 to 44, wherein R² is —Br, —SR¹¹, —OR¹¹, —NO₂, —CN, or substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl.

Embodiment 46

The compound of one of embodiments 1 or 33 to 44, wherein R² is —SR¹¹ and R¹¹ is substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl.

Embodiment 47

The compound of one of embodiments 1 or 33 to 44, wherein R² is —SR¹¹ and R¹¹ is substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl.

Embodiment 48

The compound of one of embodiments 1 or 33 to 44, wherein R² is —SR¹¹ and R¹¹ is unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl.

Embodiment 49

The compound of one of embodiments 1 or 33 to 44, wherein R² is —SR¹¹ and R¹¹ is methyl.

Embodiment 50

The compound of one of embodiments 1 or 33 to 44, wherein R² is —OR¹¹ and R¹¹ is substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀ alkyl.

Embodiment 51

The compound of one of embodiments 1 or 33 to 44, wherein R² is —OR¹¹ and R¹¹ is substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₅ alkyl.

Embodiment 52

The compound of one of embodiments 1 or 33 to 44, wherein R² is —OR¹¹ and R¹¹ is unsubstituted C₂-C₅ alkyl.

Embodiment 53

The compound of one of embodiments 1 or 33 to 44, wherein R² is substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl.

Embodiment 54

The compound of one of embodiments 1 or 33 to 44, wherein R² is unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl.

Embodiment 55

The compound of one of embodiments 1 or 33 to 44, wherein R² is unsubstituted branched C₁-C₅ alkyl.

Embodiment 56

The compound of one of embodiments 1 or 33 to 44, wherein R² is unsubstituted ethyl.

Embodiment 57

The compound of one of embodiments 1 or 33 to 44, wherein R² is unsubstituted isopropyl.

Embodiment 58

The compound of one of embodiments 1 or 33 to 57, wherein R³ is —Br, —SR¹³, —OR¹³, —NO₂, —CN, or substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl.

Embodiment 59

The compound of one of embodiments 1 or 33 to 57, wherein R³ is —SR¹³ and R¹³ is substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl.

Embodiment 60

The compound of one of embodiments 1 or 33 to 57, wherein R³ is —SR¹³ and R¹³ is substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl.

Embodiment 61

The compound of one of embodiments 1 or 33 to 57, wherein R³ is —SR¹³ and R¹³ is unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl.

Embodiment 62

The compound of one of embodiments 1 or 33 to 57, wherein R³ is —SR¹³ and R¹³ is methyl.

Embodiment 63

The compound of one of embodiments 1 or 33 to 57, wherein R³ is —OR¹³ and R¹³ is substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀ alkyl.

Embodiment 64

The compound of one of embodiments 1 or 33 to 57, wherein R³ is —OR¹³ and R¹³ is substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₅ alkyl.

Embodiment 65

The compound of one of embodiments 1 or 33 to 57, wherein R³ is —OR¹³ and R¹³ is unsubstituted C₂-C₅ alkyl.

Embodiment 66

The compound of one of embodiments 1 or 33 to 57, wherein R³ is substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl.

Embodiment 67

The compound of one of embodiments 1 or 33 to 57, wherein R³ is unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl.

Embodiment 68

The compound of one of embodiments 1 or 33 to 57, wherein R³ is unsubstituted branched C₁-C₅ alkyl.

Embodiment 69

The compound of one of embodiments 1 or 33 to 57, wherein R³ is unsubstituted ethyl.

Embodiment 70

The compound of one of embodiments 1 or 33 to 57, wherein R³ is unsubstituted isopropyl.

Embodiment 71

The compound of one of embodiments 1 or 33 to 70, wherein R⁸ is —Br, —CN, —SR¹⁵, —OR¹⁵, —NR¹⁵R¹⁶, or substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl.

Embodiment 72

The compound of one of embodiments 1 or 33 to 70, wherein R⁸ is —SR¹⁵ and R¹⁵ is hydrogen or substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl.

Embodiment 73

The compound of one of embodiments 1 or 33 to 70, wherein R⁸ is —SR¹⁵ and R¹⁵ is substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl.

Embodiment 74

The compound of one of embodiments 1 or 33 to 70, wherein R⁸ is —SR¹⁵ and R¹⁵ is unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl.

Embodiment 75

The compound of one of embodiments 1 or 33 to 70, wherein R⁸ is —SR¹⁵ and R¹⁵ is methyl.

Embodiment 76

The compound of one of embodiments 1 or 33 to 70, wherein R⁸ is —SR¹⁵ and R¹⁵ is ethyl.

Embodiment 77

The compound of one of embodiments 1 or 33 to 70, wherein R⁸ is —OR¹⁵ and R¹⁵ is hydrogen or substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀ alkyl.

Embodiment 78

The compound of one of embodiments 1 or 33 to 70, wherein R⁸ is —OR¹⁵ and R¹⁵ is substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₅ alkyl.

Embodiment 79

The compound of one of embodiments 1 or 33 to 70, wherein R⁸ is —OR¹⁵ and R¹⁵ is unsubstituted C₂-C₅ alkyl.

Embodiment 80

The compound of one of embodiments 1 or 33 to 70, wherein R⁸ is —OR¹⁵ and R¹⁵ is hydrogen, methyl, ethyl or isopropyl.

Embodiment 81

The compound of one of embodiments 1 or 33 to 70, wherein R⁸ is —NR¹⁵R¹⁶ and R¹⁵ and R¹⁶ are independently hydrogen, 0 or substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀ alkyl.

Embodiment 82

The compound of one of embodiments 1 or 33 to 70, wherein R⁸ is —NR¹⁵R¹⁶ and R¹⁵ and R¹⁶ are independently hydrogen, 0, methyl or ethyl.

Embodiment 83

The compound of one of embodiments 1 or 33 to 70, wherein R⁸ is substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl.

Embodiment 84

The compound of one of embodiments 1 or 33 to 70, wherein R⁸ is unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl.

Embodiment 85

The compound of one of embodiments 1 or 33 to 70, wherein R⁸ is unsubstituted branched C₁-C₅ alkyl.

Embodiment 86

The compound of one of embodiments 1 or 33 to 70, wherein R⁸ is unsubstituted ethyl.

Embodiment 87

The compound of one of embodiments 1 or 33 to 70, wherein R⁸ is unsubstituted isopropyl.

Embodiment 88

The compound of one of embodiments 1 or 33 to 87, wherein R⁴ is substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl.

Embodiment 89

The compound of one of embodiments 1 or 33 to 87, wherein R⁴ is substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl.

Embodiment 90

The compound of one of embodiments 1 or 33 to 87, wherein R⁴ is unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl.

Embodiment 91

The compound of one of embodiments 1 or 33 to 87, wherein R⁴ is methyl.

Embodiment 92

The compound of one of embodiments 1 or 33 to 91, wherein R⁵ is halogen or substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl.

Embodiment 93

The compound of one of embodiments 1 or 33 to 91, wherein R⁵ is halogen or unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl.

Embodiment 94

The compound of one of embodiments 1 or 33 to 92, wherein R⁶ is R^(6A)-substituted heterocycloalkyl, R^(6A)-substituted aryl or R^(6A)-substituted heteroaryl.

Embodiment 95

The compound of one of embodiments 1 or 33 to 94, wherein R⁶ is R^(6A)-substituted 5-6 membered heterocycloalkyl, R^(6A)-substituted C₅-C₆ aryl or R^(6A)-substituted 5 to 6 membered heteroaryl.

Embodiment 96

The compound of one of embodiments 1 or 33 to 95, wherein R⁶ is R^(6A)-substituted phenyl.

Embodiment 97

The compound of one of embodiments 1 or 33 to 95, wherein R^(6A) is —Br, —SR¹⁹, —SO_(n6)R¹⁹, —C(O)—OR¹⁹, —OR¹⁹, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl or substituted or unsubstituted aryl.

Embodiment 98

The compound of one of embodiments 1 or 33 to 95, wherein R^(6A) is —SR¹⁹ and R¹⁹ is substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl.

Embodiment 99

The compound of one of embodiments 1 or 33 to 95, wherein R^(6A) is —SR¹⁹ and R¹⁹ is methyl or ethyl.

Embodiment 100

The compound of one of embodiments 1 or 33 to 95, wherein R¹⁹ is substituted C₁-C₅ alkyl.

Embodiment 101

The compound of one of embodiments 1 or 33 to 98, wherein R¹⁹ is substituted C₁ alkyl.

Embodiment 102

The compound of one of embodiments 1 or 33 to 98, wherein R¹⁹ is trifluoromethyl.

Embodiment 103

The compound of one of embodiments 1 or 33 to 95, wherein R^(6A) is —SO_(n6)R¹⁹, n₆ is 1 or 2 and R¹⁹ is substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl.

Embodiment 104

The compound of one of embodiments 1 or 33 to 103, wherein R¹⁹ is unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl.

Embodiment 105

The compound of one of embodiments 1 or 33 to 103, wherein R¹⁹ is unsubstituted C₁-C₃ alkyl.

Embodiment 106

The compound of one of embodiments 1 or 33 to 103, wherein R¹⁹ is methyl or ethyl.

Embodiment 107

The compound of one of embodiments 1 or 33 to 95, wherein R^(6A) is —C(O)—OR¹⁹ and R¹⁹ is hydrogen or substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl.

Embodiment 108

The compound of one of embodiments 1 or 33 to 107, wherein R¹⁹ is hydrogen.

Embodiment 109

The compound of one of embodiments 1 or 33 to 107, wherein R¹⁹ is unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl.

Embodiment 110

The compound of one of embodiments 1 or 33 to 107, wherein R¹⁹ is unsubstituted C₁-C₃ alkyl.

Embodiment 111

The compound of one of embodiments 1 or 33 to 107, wherein R¹⁹ is methyl.

Embodiment 112

The compound of one of embodiments 1 or 33 to 107, wherein R¹⁹ is ethyl.

Embodiment 113

The compound of one of embodiments 1 or 33 to 107, wherein R¹⁹ is isopropyl.

Embodiment 114

The compound of one of embodiments 1 or 33 to 95, wherein R^(6A) is —OR¹⁹ and R¹⁹ is trifluoromethyl or substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl.

Embodiment 115

The compound of one of embodiments 1 or 33 to 114, wherein R¹⁹ is trifluoromethyl.

Embodiment 116

The compound of one of embodiments 1 or 33 to 114, wherein R¹⁹ is unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl.

Embodiment 117

The compound of one of embodiments 1 or 33 to 114, wherein R¹⁹ is unsubstituted C₁-C₃ alkyl.

Embodiment 118

The compound of one of embodiments 1 or 33 to 114, wherein R¹⁹ is methyl.

Embodiment 119

The compound of one of embodiments 1 or 33 to 114, wherein R¹⁹ is ethyl.

Embodiment 120

The compound of one of embodiments 1 or 33 to 114, wherein R¹⁹ is isopropyl.

Embodiment 121

The compound of one of embodiments 1 or 33 to 114, wherein R¹⁹ is substituted C₁-C₅ alkyl.

Embodiment 122

The compound of one of embodiments 1 or 33 to 114, wherein R¹⁹ is substituted ethyl.

Embodiment 123

The compound of one of embodiments 1 or 33 to 95, wherein R^(6A) is substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl.

Embodiment 124

The compound of one of embodiments 1 or 33 to 95, wherein R^(6A) is substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl.

Embodiment 125

The compound of one of embodiments 1 or 33 to 95, wherein R^(6A) is substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₃ alkyl.

Embodiment 126

The compound of one of embodiments 1 or 33 to 95, wherein R^(6A) is substituted C₁-C₃ alkyl.

Embodiment 127

The compound of one of embodiments 1 or 33 to 95, wherein R^(6A) is hydroxymethyl.

Embodiment 128

The compound of one of embodiments 1 or 33 to 95, wherein R⁶ is R^(6A)-substituted furanyl.

Embodiment 129

The compound of one of embodiments 1, 33 to 128, wherein R^(6A) is —Br, —SR¹⁹, —SO_(n6)R¹⁹, —C(O)—OR¹⁹, —OR¹⁹, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl or substituted or unsubstituted aryl.

Embodiment 130

The compound of one of embodiments 1 or 33 to 95, wherein R⁶ is R^(6A)-substituted thiophene.

Embodiment 131

The compound of one of embodiments 1 or 33 to 130, wherein R^(6A) is substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl.

Embodiment 132

The compound of one of embodiments 1 or 33 to 130, wherein R^(6A) is substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl.

Embodiment 133

The compound of one of embodiments 1 or 33 to 130, wherein R^(6A) is unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl.

Embodiment 134

The compound of one of embodiments 1 or 33 to 130, wherein R^(6A) is methyl.

Embodiment 135

The compound of one of embodiments 1 or 33 to 95, wherein R⁶ is R^(6A)-substituted oxazolyl.

Embodiment 136

The compound of one of embodiments 1 or 33 to 135, wherein R^(6A) is trifluoromethyl, —Br, —SR¹⁹, —SO_(n6)R¹⁹, —C(O)—OR¹⁹, —OR¹⁹, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl or substituted or unsubstituted aryl.

Embodiment 137

The compound of one of embodiments 1 or 33 to 95, wherein R⁶ is R^(6A)-substituted pyridyl.

Embodiment 138

The compound of one of embodiments 1, 33 to 137, wherein R^(6A) is —Cl, —F. —CX^(f) ₃, —SR¹⁹, —SO_(n6)R¹⁹, —C(O)—OR¹⁹, —OR¹⁹, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl or substituted or unsubstituted aryl.

Embodiment 139

The compound of one of embodiments 1 or 33 to 95, wherein R⁶ is R^(6A)-substituted thiazole.

Embodiment 140

The compound of one of embodiments 1 or 33 to 139, wherein R^(6A) is —Cl or —NR¹⁹R²

Embodiment 141

The compound of one of embodiments 1 or 33 to 139, wherein R^(6A) is —NR¹⁹R²⁰, R¹⁹ is hydrogen and R²⁰ is —OC(O)CH₃.

Embodiment 142

The compound of one of embodiments 1 or 33 to 141, wherein R⁷ is substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl.

Embodiment 143

The compound of one of embodiments 1 or 33 to 141, wherein R⁷ is substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl.

Embodiment 144

The compound of one of embodiments 1 or 33 to 141, wherein R⁷ is unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl.

Embodiment 145

The compound of one of embodiments 1 or 33 to 141, wherein R⁷ is unsubstituted ethyl.

Embodiment 146

The compound of one of embodiments 1 or 33 to 141, wherein R⁷ is methyl.

Embodiment 147

The compound of one of embodiments 1 or 33 to 141, wherein R⁷ is saturated or unsaturated unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl.

Embodiment 148

The compound of one of embodiments 1 or 33 to 141, wherein R⁷ is unsaturated unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl.

Embodiment 149

The compound of one of embodiments 1 or 33 to 141, wherein R⁷ is unsaturated unsubstituted C₁-C₃ alkyl.

Embodiment 150

The compound of one of embodiments 1 or 33 to 141, wherein R⁷ is propenyl.

Embodiment 151

The compound of one of embodiments 1 or 33 to 150, wherein L is substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ alkylene.

Embodiment 152

The compound of one of embodiments 1 or 33 to 150, wherein L is substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkylene.

Embodiment 153

The compound of one of embodiments 1 or 33 to 150, wherein L¹ is unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkylene.

Embodiment 154

The compound of one of embodiments 1 or 33 to 150, wherein L is unsubstituted C₁-C₃ alkylene.

Embodiment 155

The compound of one of embodiments 1 or 33 to 150, wherein L is methylene or ethylene.

Embodiment 156

A pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient and a compound of one of embodiments 1-155.

Embodiment 157

A method of treating a Hsp70-mediated disease in a patient in need of such treatment, said method comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of one of embodiments 1-155.

Embodiment 158

The method of embodiment 157, wherein the disease is cancer, an infectious disease or a neurodegenerative disease.

Embodiment 159

The method of embodiment 158, wherein said cancer is acute T cell leukemia, breast cancer, multiple myeloma, malignant melanoma, ovarian cancer, colorectal adenocarcinoma, endometrial cancer, cervical cancer or bladder cancer.

Embodiment 160

The method of embodiment 158, wherein said neurodegenerative disease is a polyglutamine expansion disorder.

Embodiment 161

The method of embodiment 160, wherein said polyglutamine expansion disorder is Kennedy's disease.

Embodiment 162

The method of embodiment 158, wherein said neurodegenerative disease is a tauopathy.

Embodiment 163

The method of embodiment 162, wherein said tauopathy is Alzheimer's disease.

Embodiment 164

The method of embodiment 158, wherein said infectious disease is Dengue fever.

Embodiment 165

The method of embodiment 158, wherein said infectious disease is a Hepatitis C virus (HCV) disease.

Embodiment 166

The method of embodiment 158, wherein said infectious disease is influenza.

Embodiment 167

A method of inhibiting the activity of Hsp70 in a cell, said method comprising contacting said cell with a compound of one of embodiments 1-155. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A compound of formula:

wherein: R¹ is hydrogen, halogen, —CX^(a) ₃, —CN, —SR⁹, —SO₂Cl, —SO_(n)R⁹, —SO_(v1)NR⁹R¹⁰, —NHNH₂, —ONR⁹R¹⁰, —NHC═(O)NHNH₂, —NHC═(O)NR⁹R¹⁰, —N(O)_(m1), —NR⁹R¹⁰, —NH—O—R⁹, —NHC(O)R⁹, —C(O)R⁹, —C(O)—OR⁹, —C(O)NR⁹R¹⁰, —OR⁹, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; R² is hydrogen, halogen, —CX^(b) ₃, —CN, —SR¹¹, —SO₂Cl, —SO₂R¹¹, —SO_(v2)NR¹¹R¹², —NHNH₂, —ONR¹¹R¹², —NHC═(O)NHNH₂, —NHC═(O)NR¹¹R¹², —N(O)_(m2), —NR¹¹R¹², —NH—O—R¹¹, —NHC(O)R¹¹, —C(O)R¹¹, —C(O)—OR¹, —C(O)NR¹¹R¹², —OR¹¹, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; R³ is hydrogen, halogen, —CX^(c) ₃, —CN, —SR¹³, —SO₂Cl, —SO_(n3)R¹³, —SO_(v3)NR¹³R¹⁴, —NHNH₂, —ONR¹³R¹⁴, —NHC═(O)NHNH₂, —NHC═(O)NR¹³R¹⁴, —N(O)_(m3), —NR¹³R¹⁴, —NH—O—R¹³, —NHC(O)R¹³, —C(O)R¹³, —C(O)—OR¹³, —C(O)NR¹³R¹⁴, —OR¹³, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; R⁸ is hydrogen, halogen, —CX^(d) ₃, —CN, —SR¹⁵, —SO₂Cl, —SO_(n4)R¹⁵, —SO_(v4)NR¹⁵R¹⁶, —NHNH₂, —ONR¹⁵R¹⁶, —NHC═(O)NHNH₂, —NHC═(O)NR¹⁵R¹⁶, —N(O)_(m4), —NR¹⁵R¹⁶, —NH—O—R, —NHC(O)R⁵, —C(O)R¹⁵, —C(O)—OR, —C(O)NR¹⁵R¹⁶, —OR¹⁵, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; R⁴ is unsubstituted alkyl, unsubstituted heteroalkyl, unsubstituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted aryl, or unsubstituted heteroaryl; R⁵ is hydrogen, halogen, —CX^(e) ₃, —CN, —SR¹⁷, —SO₂Cl, —SO_(n5)R¹⁷, —SO_(v5)NR¹⁷R¹⁸, —NHNH₂, —ONR¹⁷R¹⁸, —NHC═(O)NHNH₂, —NHC═(O)NR¹⁷R¹⁸, —N(O)_(m), —NR¹⁷R¹⁸, —NH—O—R¹⁷, —NHC(O)R¹⁷, —C(O)R¹⁷, —C(O)—OR¹⁷, —C(O)NR⁷R¹⁸, —OR¹⁷, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; R⁶ is R^(6A)-substituted cycloalkyl, R^(6A)-substituted heterocycloalkyl, R^(6A)-substituted aryl or R^(6A)-substituted heteroaryl; R^(6A) is independently halogen, —CX^(f) ₃, —CN, —SR¹⁹, —SO₂Cl, —SO_(n6)R¹⁹, —SO_(v6)NR¹⁹R²⁰, —NHNH₂, —ONR¹⁹R²⁰, —NHC═(O)NHNH₂, —NHC═(O)NR¹⁹R²⁰, —N(O)_(m6), —NR¹⁹R²⁰, —NH—O—R¹⁹, —NHC(O)R¹⁹, —C(O)R¹⁹, —C(O)—OR¹⁹, —C(O)NR¹⁹R²⁰, —OR¹⁹, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; R⁷ is hydrogen, halogen, —CX^(g) ₃, —CN, —SR²¹, —SO₂Cl, —SO_(n7)R²¹, —SO_(v7)NR²¹R²², —NHNH₂, —ONR²¹R²², —NHC═(O)NHNH₂, —NHC═(O)NR²¹R²², —N(O)_(m7), —NR²¹R²², —NH—O—R²¹, —NHC(O)R²¹, —C(O)R²¹, —C(O)—OR²¹, —C(O)NR²¹R²², —OR²¹, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; L¹ is a bond, —S(O)—, —S(O)₂NH—, —NHS(O)₂—, —C(O)O—, —OC(O)—, —C(O)—, —C(O)NH—, —NH—, —NHC(O)—, —O—, —S—, substituted or unsubstituted alkylene, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted arylene, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroarylene; R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹¹, R¹², R¹³, R¹⁴, R⁵, R¹⁶, R¹⁷, R¹⁸, R¹⁹, R²⁰, R²¹, and R²², are independently hydrogen, halogen, ═O, ═S, —CF₃, —CN, —CCl₃, —COOH, —CH₂COOH, —COCH₃, —CONH₂, —OH, —OC(O)CH₃, —SH, —SO₂Cl, —SO₃H, —SO₄H, —SO₂NH₂, —NO₂, —NH₂, —NHNH₂, —ONH₂, —NHC═(O)NHNH₂, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; X^(a), X^(b), X^(c), X^(d), X^(e), X^(f) and X^(g) are independently —F, —Cl, —Br, or —I; n₁, n₂, n₃, n₄, n₅, n₆ and n₇ are independently an integer from 0 to 4; m₁, m₂, m₃, m₄, m₅, m₆ and m₇ are independently an integer from 1 to 2; and v₁, v₂, v₃, v₄, v₅, V₆ and v₇ are independently an integer from 1 to 2; wherein if R¹, R², and R³ are independently hydrogen, —Cl, —F, —OCH₃, or —CF₃, then -L¹-R⁶ is not —CH₂pyridyl, -benzyl, —CH₂-difluorophenyl, —CH₂-cyclopropyl, —CH₂-4-(CH₂NHC(O)-tbutyl)phenyl, —CH₂-5-nitrofuranyl, —CH₂CH₂-5-nitrofuranyl, —CH₂-2-(5-CF₃)furanyl, —CH₂-fluorophenyl, —CH₂-chlorophenyl, —CH₂-nitrophenyl, —CH₂-cyanophenyl, —CH(CH₃)C(O)Ph, —CH₂-(methyl)phenyl, —CH₂-trifluoromethylphenyl, —CH₂-trifluoromethoxyphenyl, —CH₂-difluoromethoxyphenyl, —CH₂-3-(2-CO₂CH₃)thienyl, —CH₂-3-(2-bromo)thienyl, —CH₂-3-isoxazolyl, —CH₂-5-isoxazolyl, —CH₂-5-(3-phenyl)isoxazolyl, —CH₂-3-(2-bromo)pyridyl, —CH₂-3-thienyl, —CH₂-2-(5-CO₂CH₂CH₃)furanyl, —CH₂-4-(2-methyl)thiazolyl, —CH₂-2-(5-CO₂CH₃)furanyl, —CH₂-5-(3-methyl)isoxazolyl, or —CH₂—CH(CH₃)phenyl.
 2. The compound of claim 1, wherein if L¹ is —CH₂— and R⁶ is phenyl, then R^(6A) is not —F, —CF₃, —OCHF₂, —NO₂, —OCF₃, —CH₃, —CN, or —Cl.
 3. The compound of claim 1, wherein if L¹ is —CH₂— and R⁶ is phenyl, then R^(6A) is not halogen, —CX^(f) ₃, —OR¹⁹, or substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl, wherein X^(f) is halogen and R¹⁹ is substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl.
 4. The compound of claim 1, wherein if L¹ is —CH₂— and R⁶ is R^(6A)-substituted 6-membered aryl, then R^(6A) is not halogen, —CX^(f) ₃, —OR¹⁹, or substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl, wherein X^(f) is halogen and R¹⁹ is substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl.
 5. The compound of claim 1, wherein if L¹ is unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkylene and R⁶ is phenyl, then R^(6A) is not halogen, —CX^(f) ₃, —OR¹⁹, or substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl, wherein X^(f) is halogen and R¹⁹ is substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl.
 6. The compound of claim 1, wherein if L¹ is unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkylene and R⁶ is R^(6A)-substituted 6-membered aryl, then R^(6A) is not halogen, —CX^(f) ₃, —OR¹⁹, or substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl, wherein X^(f) is halogen and R¹⁹ is substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl.
 7. The compound of claim 1, wherein if L¹ is —CH₂— and R⁶ is furanyl, then R^(6A) is not —CF₃, —NO₂, —C(O)OCH₃ or —C(O)OCH₂CH₃.
 8. The compound of claim 1, wherein if L¹ is —CH₂— and R⁶ is furanyl, then R^(6A) is not —CX^(f) ₃, or —C(O)OR¹⁹, wherein X^(f) is halogen and R¹⁹ is substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl.
 9. The compound of claim 1, wherein if L¹ is —CH₂— and R⁶ is R^(6A)-substituted 5-membered heteroaryl, then R^(6A) is not —CX^(f) ₃, or —C(O)OR¹⁹, wherein X^(f) is halogen and R¹⁹ is substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl.
 10. The compound of claim 1, wherein if L¹ is unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkylene and R⁶ is furanyl, then R^(6A) is not —CX^(f) ₃, or —C(O)OR¹⁹, wherein X^(f) is halogen and R¹⁹ is substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl.
 11. The compound of claim 1, wherein if L¹ is unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkylene and R⁶ is R^(6A)-substituted 5-membered heteroaryl, then R^(6A) is not —CX^(f) ₃, or —C(O)OR¹⁹, wherein X^(f) is halogen and R¹⁹ is substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl.
 12. The compound of claim 1, wherein if L¹ is —CH₂— and R⁶ is thiophene, then R^(6A) is not —Br, —C(O)OCH₃, or —C(O)OCH₂CH₃.
 13. The compound of claim 1, wherein if L¹ is —CH₂— and R⁶ is thiophene, then R^(6A) is not halogen or —C(O)OR¹⁹, wherein R¹⁹ is substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl.
 14. The compound of claim 1, wherein if L¹ is —CH₂— and R⁶ is R^(6A)-substituted 5-membered heteroaryl, then R^(6A) is not halogen or —C(O)OR¹⁹, wherein R¹⁹ is substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl.
 15. The compound of claim 1, wherein if L¹ is unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkylene and R⁶ is thiophene, then R^(6A) is not halogen or —C(O)OR¹⁹, wherein R¹⁹ is substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl.
 16. The compound of claim 1, wherein if L¹ is unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkylene and R⁶ is R^(6A)-substituted 5-membered heteroaryl, then R^(6A) is not halogen or —C(O)OR¹⁹, wherein R¹⁹ is substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl.
 17. The compound of claim 1, wherein if L¹ is —CH₂— and R⁶ is oxazolyl, then R^(6A) is not methyl or phenyl.
 18. The compound of claim 1, wherein if L¹ is —CH₂— and R⁶ is oxazolyl, then R^(6A) is not substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl or substituted or substituted 6-membered aryl.
 19. The compound of claim 1, wherein if L¹ is —CH₂— and R⁶ is R^(6A) substituted 5-membered heteroaryl, then R^(6A) is not substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl or substituted or unsubstituted 6-membered aryl.
 20. The compound of claim 1, wherein if L¹ is unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkylene and R⁶ is oxazolyl, then R^(6A) is not substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl or substituted or unsubstituted 6-membered aryl.
 21. The compound of claim 1, wherein if L¹ is unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkylene and R⁶ is R^(6A)-substituted 5-membered heteroaryl, then R^(6A) is not substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl or substituted or unsubstituted 6-membered aryl.
 22. The compound of claim 1, wherein if L¹ is —CH₂— and R⁶ is pyridyl, then R^(6A) is not —Br.
 23. The compound of claim 1, wherein if L¹ is —CH₂— and R⁶ is pyridyl, then R^(6A) is not halogen.
 24. The compound of claim 1, wherein if L¹ is —CH₂— and R⁶ is R^(6A) substituted 6-membered heteroaryl, then R^(6A) is not halogen.
 25. The compound of claim 1, wherein if L¹ is unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkylene and R⁶ is pyridyl, then R^(6A) is not halogen.
 26. The compound of claim 1, wherein if L¹ is unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkylene and R⁶ is R^(6A)-substituted 6-membered heteroaryl, then R^(6A) is not halogen.
 27. The compound of claim 1, wherein if L¹ is —CH₂— and R⁶ is thiazolyl, then R^(6A) is not —CH₃ or —C(O)OCH₃.
 28. The compound of claim 1, wherein if L¹ is —CH₂— and R⁶ is thiazolyl, then R^(6A) is not substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl or —C(O)OR¹⁹, wherein R¹⁹ is substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl.
 29. The compound of claim 1, wherein if L¹ is —CH₂— and R⁶ is R^(6A)-substituted 5-membered heteroaryl, then R^(6A) is not substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl or —C(O)OR¹⁹, wherein R¹⁹ is substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl.
 30. The compound of claim 1, wherein if L¹ is unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkylene and R⁶ is thiazolyl, then R^(6A) is not substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl or —C(O)OR¹⁹, wherein R¹⁹ is substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl.
 31. The compound of claim 1, wherein if L¹ is unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkylene and R⁶ is R^(6A)-substituted 5-membered heteroaryl, then R^(6A) is not substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl or —C(O)OR¹⁹, wherein R¹⁹ is substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl.
 32. The compound of claim 1, wherein R¹ is —Br, —SR⁹, —OR⁹, —NO₂, —CN, or substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl.
 33. The compound of claim 1, wherein R¹ is —SR⁹ and R⁹ is substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl.
 34. The compound of claim 1, wherein R¹ is —SR⁹ and R⁹ is substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl.
 35. The compound of claim 1, wherein R¹ is —SR⁹ and R⁹ is unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl.
 36. The compound of claim 1, wherein R¹ is —SR⁹ and R⁹ is methyl.
 37. The compound of claim 1, wherein R¹ is —OR⁹ and R⁹ is substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀ alkyl.
 38. The compound of claim 1, wherein R¹ is —OR⁹ and R⁹ is substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₅ alkyl.
 39. The compound of claim 1, wherein R¹ is —OR⁹ and R⁹ is unsubstituted C₂-C₅ alkyl.
 40. The compound of claim 1, wherein R¹ is substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl.
 41. The compound of claim 1, wherein R¹ is unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl.
 42. The compound of claim 1, wherein R¹ is unsubstituted branched C₁-C₅ alkyl.
 43. The compound of claim 41, wherein R¹ is unsubstituted ethyl.
 44. The compound of claim 42, wherein R¹ is unsubstituted isopropyl.
 45. The compound of one of claims 1 or 33 to 44, wherein R² is —Br, —SR¹¹, —OR¹¹, —NO₂, —CN, or substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀alkyl.
 46. The compound of one of claims 1 or 33 to 44, wherein R² is —SR¹¹ and R¹¹ is substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀alkyl.
 47. The compound of one of claims 1 or 33 to 44, wherein R² is —SR¹¹ and R¹¹ is substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl.
 48. The compound of one of claims 1 or 33 to 44, wherein R² is —SR¹¹ and R¹¹ is unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl.
 49. The compound of one of claims 1 or 33 to 44, wherein R² is —SR¹¹ and R¹¹ is methyl.
 50. The compound of one of claims 1 or 33 to 44, wherein R² is —OR¹¹ and R¹¹ is substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀ alkyl.
 51. The compound of one of claims 1 or 33 to 44, wherein R² is —OR¹¹ and R¹¹ is substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₅ alkyl.
 52. The compound of one of claims 1 or 33 to 44, wherein R² is —OR¹¹ and R¹¹ is unsubstituted C₂-C₅ alkyl.
 53. The compound of one of claims 1 or 33 to 44, wherein R² is substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl.
 54. The compound of one of claims 1 or 33 to 44, wherein R² is unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl.
 55. The compound of one of claims 1 or 33 to 44, wherein R² is unsubstituted branched C₁-C₅ alkyl.
 56. The compound of one of claims 1 or 33 to 44, wherein R² is unsubstituted ethyl.
 57. The compound of one of claims 1 or 33 to 44, wherein R² is unsubstituted isopropyl.
 58. The compound of one of claims 1 or 33 to 57, wherein R³ is —Br, —SR¹³, —OR¹³, —NO₂, —CN, or substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀alkyl.
 59. The compound of one of claims 1 or 33 to 57, wherein R³ is —SR¹³ and R¹³ is substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl.
 60. The compound of one of claims 1 or 33 to 57, wherein R³ is —SR¹³ and R¹³ is substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl.
 61. The compound of one of claims 1 or 33 to 57, wherein R³ is —SR¹³ and R¹³ is unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl.
 62. The compound of one of claims 1 or 33 to 57, wherein R³ is —SR¹³ and R¹³ is methyl.
 63. The compound of one of claims 1 or 33 to 57, wherein R³ is —OR¹³ and R¹³ is substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀ alkyl.
 64. The compound of one of claims 1 or 33 to 57, wherein R³ is —OR¹³ and R¹³ is substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₅ alkyl.
 65. The compound of one of claims 1 or 33 to 57, wherein R³ is —OR¹³ and R¹³ is unsubstituted C₂-C₅ alkyl.
 66. The compound of one of claims 1 or 33 to 57, wherein R³ is substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl.
 67. The compound of one of claims 1 or 33 to 57, wherein R³ is unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl.
 68. The compound of one of claims 1 or 33 to 57, wherein R³ is unsubstituted branched C₁-C₅ alkyl.
 69. The compound of one of claims 1 or 33 to 57, wherein R³ is unsubstituted ethyl.
 70. The compound of one of claims 1 or 33 to 57, wherein R³ is unsubstituted isopropyl.
 71. The compound of one of claims 1 or 33 to 70, wherein R⁸ is —Br, —CN, —SR¹⁵, —OR¹⁵, —NR¹⁵R¹⁶, or substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl.
 72. The compound of one of claims 1 or 33 to 70, wherein R⁸ is —SR¹⁵ and R¹⁵ is hydrogen or substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl.
 73. The compound of one of claims 1 or 33 to 70, wherein R⁸ is —SR¹⁵ and R¹⁵ is substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl.
 74. The compound of one of claims 1 or 33 to 70, wherein R⁸ is —SR¹⁵ and R¹⁵ is unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl.
 75. The compound of one of claims 1 or 33 to 70, wherein R⁸ is —SR¹⁵ and R¹⁵ is methyl.
 76. The compound of one of claims 1 or 33 to 70, wherein R⁸ is —SR¹⁵ and R¹⁵ is ethyl.
 77. The compound of one of claims 1 or 33 to 70, wherein R⁸ is —OR¹⁵ and R¹⁵ is hydrogen or substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀ alkyl.
 78. The compound of one of claims 1 or 33 to 70, wherein R⁸ is —OR¹⁵ and R¹⁵ is substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₅ alkyl.
 79. The compound of one of claims 1 or 33 to 70, wherein R⁸ is —OR¹⁵ and R¹⁵ is unsubstituted C₂-C₅ alkyl.
 80. The compound of one of claims 1 or 33 to 70, wherein R⁸ is —OR¹⁵ and R¹⁵ is hydrogen, methyl, ethyl or isopropyl.
 81. The compound of one of claims 1 or 33 to 70, wherein R⁸ is —NR¹⁵R¹⁶ and R¹⁵ and R¹⁶ are independently hydrogen, O or substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀ alkyl.
 82. The compound of one of claims 1 or 33 to 70, wherein R⁸ is —NR¹⁵R¹⁶ and R¹⁵ and R¹⁶ are independently hydrogen, 0, methyl or ethyl.
 83. The compound of one of claims 1 or 33 to 70, wherein R⁸ is substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl.
 84. The compound of one of claims 1 or 33 to 70, wherein R⁸ is unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl.
 85. The compound of one of claims 1 or 33 to 70, wherein R⁸ is unsubstituted branched C₁-C₅ alkyl.
 86. The compound of one of claims 1 or 33 to 70, wherein R⁸ is unsubstituted ethyl.
 87. The compound of one of claims 1 or 33 to 70, wherein R⁸ is unsubstituted isopropyl.
 88. The compound of one of claims 1 or 33 to 87, wherein R⁴ is substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀alkyl.
 89. The compound of one of claims 1 or 33 to 87, wherein R⁴ is substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl.
 90. The compound of one of claims 1 or 33 to 87, wherein R⁴ is unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl.
 91. The compound of one of claims 1 or 33 to 87, wherein R⁴ is methyl.
 92. The compound of one of claims 1 or 33 to 91, wherein R⁵ is halogen or substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl.
 93. The compound of one of claims 1 or 33 to 91, wherein R⁵ is halogen or unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl.
 94. The compound of one of claims 1 or 33 to 92, wherein R⁶ is R^(6A)-substituted heterocycloalkyl, R^(6A)-substituted aryl or R^(6A)-substituted heteroaryl.
 95. The compound of one of claims 1 or 33 to 94, wherein R⁶ is R^(6A)-substituted 5-6 membered heterocycloalkyl, R^(6A)-substituted C₅-C₆ aryl or R^(6A)-substituted 5 to 6 membered heteroaryl.
 96. The compound of one of claims 1 or 33 to 95, wherein R⁶ is R^(6A)-substituted phenyl.
 97. The compound of one of claims 1 or 33 to 95, wherein R^(6A) is —Br, —SR¹⁹, —SO_(n6)R¹⁹, —C(O)—OR¹⁹, —OR¹⁹, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl or substituted or unsubstituted aryl.
 98. The compound of one of claims 1 or 33 to 95, wherein R^(6A) is —SR¹⁹ and R¹⁹ is substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl.
 99. The compound of one of claims 1 or 33 to 95, wherein R^(6A) is —SR¹⁹ and R¹⁹ is methyl or ethyl.
 100. The compound of one of claims 1 or 33 to 98, wherein R¹⁹ is substituted C₁-C₅ alkyl.
 101. The compound of one of claims 1 or 33 to 98, wherein R¹⁹ is substituted C₁ alkyl.
 102. The compound of one of claims 1 or 33 to 98, wherein R¹⁹ is trifluoromethyl.
 103. The compound of one of claims 1 or 33 to 95, wherein R^(6A) is —SO_(n6)R¹⁹, n₆ is 1 or 2 and R¹⁹ is substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl.
 104. The compound of one of claims 1 or 33 to 103, wherein R¹⁹ is unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl.
 105. The compound of one of claims 1 or 33 to 103, wherein R¹⁹ is unsubstituted C₁-C₃ alkyl.
 106. The compound of one of claims 1 or 33 to 103, wherein R¹⁹ is methyl or ethyl.
 107. The compound of one of claims 1 or 33 to 95, wherein R^(6A) is —C(O)—OR¹⁹ and R¹⁹ is hydrogen or substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl.
 108. The compound of one of claims 1 or 33 to 107, wherein R¹⁹ is hydrogen.
 109. The compound of one of claims 1 or 33 to 107, wherein R¹⁹ is unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl.
 110. The compound of one of claims 1 or 33 to 107, wherein R¹⁹ is unsubstituted C₁-C₃ alkyl.
 111. The compound of one of claims 1 or 33 to 107, wherein R¹⁹ is methyl.
 112. The compound of one of claims 1 or 33 to 107, wherein R¹⁹ is ethyl.
 113. The compound of one of claims 1 or 33 to 107, wherein R¹⁹ is isopropyl.
 114. The compound of one of claims 1 or 33 to 95, wherein R^(6A) is —OR¹⁹ and R¹⁹ is trifluoromethyl or substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl.
 115. The compound of one of claims 1 or 33 to 114, wherein R¹⁹ is trifluoromethyl.
 116. The compound of one of claims 1 or 33 to 114, wherein R¹⁹ is unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl.
 117. The compound of one of claims 1 or 33 to 114, wherein R¹⁹ is unsubstituted C₁-C₃ alkyl.
 118. The compound of one of claims 1 or 33 to 114, wherein R¹⁹ is methyl.
 119. The compound of one of claims 1 or 33 to 114, wherein R¹⁹ is ethyl.
 120. The compound of one of claims 1 or 33 to 114, wherein R¹⁹ is isopropyl.
 121. The compound of one of claims 1 or 33 to 114, wherein R¹⁹ is substituted C₁-C₅ alkyl.
 122. The compound of one of claims 1 or 33 to 114, wherein R¹⁹ is substituted ethyl.
 123. The compound of one of claims 1 or 33 to 95, wherein R^(6A) is substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl.
 124. The compound of one of claims 1 or 33 to 95, wherein R^(6A) is substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl.
 125. The compound of one of claims 1 or 33 to 95, wherein R^(6A) is substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₃ alkyl.
 126. The compound of one of claims 1 or 33 to 95, wherein R^(6A) is substituted C₁-C₃ alkyl.
 127. The compound of one of claims 1 or 33 to 95, wherein R^(6A) is hydroxymethyl.
 128. The compound of one of claims 1 or 33 to 95, wherein R⁶ is R^(6A)-substituted furanyl.
 129. The compound of one of claims 1, 33 to 128, wherein R^(6A) is —Br, —SR¹⁹, —SO_(n6)R¹⁹, —C(O)—OR¹⁹, —OR¹⁹, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl or substituted or unsubstituted aryl.
 130. The compound of one of claims 1 or 33 to 95, wherein R⁶ is R^(6A) substituted thiophene.
 131. The compound of one of claims 1, 33 to 130, wherein R^(6A) is substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl.
 132. The compound of one of claims 1, 33 to 130, wherein R^(6A) is substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl.
 133. The compound of one of claims 1, 33 to 130, wherein R^(6A) is unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl.
 134. The compound of one of claims 1, 33 to 130, wherein R^(6A) is methyl.
 135. The compound of one of claims 1 or 33 to 95, wherein R⁶ is R^(6A)-substituted oxazolyl.
 136. The compound of one of claims 1, 33 to 135, wherein R^(6A) is trifluoromethyl, —Br, —SR¹⁹, —SO_(n6)R¹⁹, —C(O)—OR¹⁹, —OR¹⁹, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl or substituted or unsubstituted aryl.
 137. The compound of one of claims 1 or 33 to 95, wherein R⁶ is R^(6A)-substituted pyridyl.
 138. The compound of one of claims 1, 33 to 137, wherein R^(6A) is —Cl, —F. —CX^(f) ₃, —SR¹⁹, —SO_(n6)R¹⁹, —C(O)—OR¹⁹, —OR¹⁹, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl or substituted or unsubstituted aryl.
 139. The compound of one of claims 1 or 33 to 95, wherein R⁶ is R^(6A) substituted thiazole.
 140. The compound of one of claims 1, 33 to 139, wherein R^(6A) is —Cl or —NR¹⁹R².
 141. The compound of one of claims 1, 33 to 139, wherein R^(6A) is-NR¹⁹R², R¹⁹ is hydrogen and R²⁰ is —OC(O)CH₃.
 142. The compound of one of claims 1 or 33 to 141, wherein R⁷ is substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀alkyl.
 143. The compound of one of claims 1 or 33 to 141, wherein R⁷ is substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl.
 144. The compound of one of claims 1 or 33 to 141, wherein R⁷ is unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl.
 145. The compound of one of claims 1 or 33 to 141, wherein R⁷ is unsubstituted ethyl.
 146. The compound of one of claims 1 or 33 to 141, wherein R⁷ is methyl.
 147. The compound of one of claims 1 or 33 to 141, wherein R⁷ is saturated or unsaturated unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl.
 148. The compound of one of claims 1 or 33 to 141, wherein R⁷ is unsaturated unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkyl.
 149. The compound of one of claims 1 or 33 to 141, wherein R⁷ is unsaturated unsubstituted C₁-C₃ alkyl.
 150. The compound of one of claims 1 or 33 to 141, wherein R⁷ is propenyl.
 151. The compound of one of claims 1 or 33 to 150, wherein L¹ is substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀alkylene.
 152. The compound of one of claims 1 or 33 to 150, wherein L¹ is substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkylene.
 153. The compound of one of claims 1 or 33 to 150, wherein L¹ is unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkylene.
 154. The compound of one of claims 1 or 33 to 150, wherein L¹ is unsubstituted C₁-C₃ alkylene.
 155. The compound of one of claims 1 or 33 to 150, wherein L¹ is methylene or ethylene.
 156. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient and a compound of one of claims 1-155.
 157. A method of treating a Hsp70-mediated disease in a patient in need of such treatment, said method comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of one of claims 1-155.
 158. The method of claim 157, wherein the disease is cancer, an infectious disease or a neurodegenerative disease.
 159. The method of claim 158, wherein said cancer is acute T cell leukemia, breast cancer, multiple myeloma, malignant melanoma, ovarian cancer, colorectal adenocarcinoma, endometrial cancer, cervical cancer or bladder cancer.
 160. The method of claim 158, wherein said neurodegenerative disease is a polyglutamine expansion disorder.
 161. The method of claim 160, wherein said polyglutamine expansion disorder is Kennedy's disease.
 162. The method of claim 158, wherein said neurodegenerative disease is a tauopathy.
 163. The method of claim 162, wherein said tauopathy is Alzheimer's disease.
 164. The method of claim 158, wherein said infectious disease is Dengue fever.
 165. The method of claim 158, wherein said infectious disease is a Hepatitis C virus (HCV) disease.
 166. The method of claim 158, wherein said infectious disease is influenza.
 167. A method of inhibiting the activity of Hsp70 in a cell, said method comprising contacting said cell with a compound of one of claims 1-155. 